Implementasi Permendagri Nomor 15 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pengarusutamaan Gender pada Jenjang Pendidikan Dasar di Kota Malang

Windra Rizkiyana1 & Wahyu Widodo21 Mahasiswa & 2Staf Pengajar Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Muhammadiyah MalangAlamat Korespondensi : Jl. Bandung No.1 MalangEmail: [email protected] education, still found a gender gap regarding both aspects of the expansion of educationalaccess and equity, quality and relevance of education and management. The purpose of this studywere: (1) describe the substance Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 on Gender Mainstreaming; (2) describethe implementation of Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 on Gender Mainstreaming in Elementary Educationin Malang; (3) Analyze the obstacles encountered in implementation Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 onGender Mainstreaming in Elementary Education in Malang. This type of research is a descriptiveanalysis, using a qualitative approach that is supported by a quantitative approach. And the techniquesof data acolllection through by interviews and the documents. Study sites are in Malang EducationDepartment. Analysis of the data used is descriptive analysis of qualitative and quantitative theorysupported by Gender Analysis Pathway (GAP), Content Analysis and Root Analysis. Implementationof Permendagri No 15 of 2008 about gender mainstreaming in basic education levels in Malang hasnot been optimal. These proved by the remains of gender inequality or gap that occurs in all threeaspects, that access and educational equity, quality and relevance of education, as well as accountabilityand governance. Constraints encountered in implementation Permendagri No. 15 of 2008 on gendermainstreaming in elementary education in Malang include: (a) Outreach activities that are specificallyabout the PUG in primary education has not been done; (b) The budget is not specifically formainstreaming activities; (c) newly formed working group PUG.Key word: Permendagri No. 15 of 2008, gender mainstreaming, basic educatio

Distribution of the virus at various heights from the bottom of the microfluidic channel.

<p>A large number of viruses was trapped at heights of about 10–30 µm from the glass substrate. The AVF inhibits adhesion of the virus to the glass substrate.</p

Enrichment, transport and attachment of influenza virus.

<p>Enrichment of the influenza virus in the AVF by a negative DEP force, transport of a single virus to the cell chamber by using optical tweezers and attachment with a selected H292 cell by the virus. The process of iDEP, virus transport and viral infection of an H292 cell is outlined in the top panels. The virus was tracked through these processes by visualization of the green fluorescence of a virus that was co-stained with DiI and SYTO 21 (bottom panels) using confocal microscopy.</p

Scheme of the constricted flow channels and FEM analysis of electrical field intensity.

<p>The constricted flow channel in the analytical model was provided by either two dimensional (2D) microfabrication (a) or 3D microfabrication (b). A non-uniform electric field with a maximum of 0.11 µN was applied and the electric field intensity (left) and the dielectrophoretic force along the center of the microchannel (i.e., at the indicated distance along the line AA’, right) were measured (Input voltage: 20Vp-p). These data indicated that a channel obtained by 3D microfabrication was better than a 2D-constricted channel.</p

Simulation results of the electric field distribution of an active virus filter (AVF) with height channels.

<p>Analysis of the active virus filter by FEM (a), the electric field distribution intensity in microchannels at heights of 15, 45, 90 and 135 µm from the glass bottom. (b) The electric field intensity and the dielectrophoretic (DEP) force along the centre of the microchannel (i.e., at the indicated distance along the line AA’) at each height are shown.</p

Virus Enrichment for Single Virus Infection by Using 3D Insulator Based Dielectrophoresis

<div><p>We developed an active virus filter (AVF) that enables virus enrichment for single virus infection, by using insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP). A 3D-constricted flow channel design enabled the production of an iDEP force in the microfluidic chip. iDEP using a chip with multiple active virus filters (AVFs) was more accurate and faster than using a chip with a single AVF, and improved the efficiency of virus trapping. We utilized maskless photolithography to achieve the precise 3D gray-scale exposure required for fabrication of constricted flow channel. Influenza virus (A PR/8) was enriched by a negative DEP force when sinusoidal wave was applied to the electrodes within an amplitude range of 20 Vp-p and a frequency of 10 MHz. AVF-mediated virus enrichment can be repeated simply by turning the current ON or OFF. Furthermore, the negative AVF can inhibit virus adhesion onto the glass substrate. We then trapped and transported one of the enriched viruses by using optical tweezers. This microfluidic chip facilitated the effective transport of a single virus from AVFs towards the cell-containing chamber without crossing an electrode. We successfully transported the virus to the cell chamber (v = 10 µm/s) and brought it infected with a selected single H292 cell.</p></div

Fabrication process of the 3D microstructure of the constricted flow channel using maskless gray-scale lithography.

<p>The devices shown are polymer microfluidic chips made using PDMS that were injection molded using photolithography and replica molding techniques. The chip mold was made using a maskless exposure system that achieved synchronous fabrication of the micropattern in the displayed images that were generated by a PC. The light images shown at right are the micropattern image of the maskless photolithography device (top) and a gray-scale exposure (bottom).</p

Scheme by which single virus infection of a specific single cell is achieved using an AVF and optical tweezers in a microfluidic chip.

<p>A virus (red dot) is selected from an enriched virus population and is then transported to the cell chamber for infection of a specific single cell. There was an advantage of iDEP that optical tweezers can transport without crossing an electrode as compared to standard (microelectrode based) DEP.</p

Attachment of DiI-labeled influenza virus particles to cells at different phases of the cell cycle.

<p>A. H292 cells were transfected with pFucci-S/G2/M Green vector and cultured overnight. GFP expression was observed only in S/G2/M-phase. DiI-labeled virus particles were added to cultured cells and incubated for 15 min at 34°C. Unbound virus was washed off with PBS and the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and observed under a Nikon Ti E confocal microscope fitted with a 100× objective lens. The red particles are DiI-labeled viruses. The green colored cells express GFP. B. Cartoon of virus trapping and release on a cell using optical tweezers. Yellow triangle represents optical tweezers; red circle represents virus; light green colored teardrop shape represents the cell. C. Trapping potential was calculated under the indicated conditions. n, refractive index; NA, numerical aperture; T, absolute temperature; blue, red, and green lines represent laser power is at 100 mW, 30 mW, and 10 mW, respectively. D. The cells in the microchip were observed through the objective lens (×100). The DiI-labeled virus is trapped in the chamber of the microchip and transported to the apical membrane of a mitotic cell (arrow 1) but was unable to attach. The same particle was recaptured and then transported to the apical membrane of a G1-phase cell (arrow 2). E. Trace showing virus particle movement after transportation to a dividing (left) or resting (right) cell. White circle (red-cross) in the left panel represents the recaptured virus, whereas that in the right panel represents that the brownian motion of the virus particle on the cell membrane has stopped.</p

PB1 and PB2 mRNA in single-virus infected cells.

<p>Detection of PB1, PB2 mRNA in single virus infected cells by RT-PCR. Individual cells, either infected with DiI-labeled influenza virus using optical tweezers or uninfected (n = 5 for each cells, virus bound and unbound cells), were removed by suction at 6 hpi and assayed for mRNA of PB1 and PB2, and 18S rRNA. The numbers in parentheses indicate standard deviation from n = 5.</p