Role of CFTR in Campylobacter jejuni infection

Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is gastroenteritis inducible food-born pathogen. Invasion and adhesion process are essential for leading gastroenteritis in C. jejuni infection process. As against bacterial strategy for efficacy invasion and adhesion, mucosal layer play a key role in defense systems, which modulated by several ion channels and transporters mediated water flux on the intestine. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) play the main role in waterfulux in intestine, and it closely related with bacterial clearance. We previously reported that C. jejuni infection suppresses CFTR channel activity in intestinal epithelial cells, however the mechanism and importance of this suppression is unclear. This study seeks to elucidate the role of CFTR in C. jejuni-infection. Using HEK293 cells that stably express wild type and mutated CFTR, we found that CFTR attenuated C. jejuni invasion, it was not involved bacterial adhesion or intracellular survival but associated with microtubule-dependent cellular transport. Moreover we revealed that CFTR attenuated function of microtubule motor protein but not microtubule stability, which causes inhibition of C. jejuni-invasion. Meanwhile, the CFTR mutant G551D-CFTR, which has defects in channel activity, suppressed C. jejuni-invasion, whereasΔF508-CFTR, which has defects in maturation, did not suppress, suggesting that CFTR suppression of C. jejuni-invasion is related to CFTR maturation but not channel activity. Taken together, mature CFTR inhibited C. jejuni invasion by regulating microtubule-mediated pathways. We suggest that CFTR plays a critical role in cellular defenses against C. jejuni-invasion, and CFTR suppression may be an initial step in promoting cellular invasion during C. jejuni-infection

Institutionalization of Educational Credentialism in Modern Japan--A Case Study of the Homei Gijuku

The main focus of this paper is on clarifying the interrelationship between "institutionalization" of educational credentialism and the "systematization" of secondary education in modern Japan, taking the case of a local private school in Tanba area, named Homei Gijuku. The Homei, founded in 1886,was one of the few secondary schools which inherited the ideal of Japanese traditional education of moral culture or character formation. It was organized taking the model of western modern schools, as other secondary schools. However, its aim of education was quite different from other secondary schools which overemphasized intellectual training. The Homei had an unique school culture including curriculum which emphasized the importance of Chinese classics, and various extra-curricular activities. In the middle of the 1880s, the government started to make serious efforts to institutionalize the educational credentialism in the areas of education, administration, military, and professions. And the efforts had a strong influence on education, especially secondary education, which was in a state of chaos. Especially, the national examination systems for higher civil servants and professionals, granting various kinds of priviledges to the diploma holders from the officially approved (mostly public) schools, played an important role in promoting the systematization of secondary education. And such the unique, idealistic traditional schools as the Homei could not stand out of this tide of "systematization" In tracing the process of changes of (1) school organization, (2) school culture, (3) student life, and (4) social functions of the Homei, we will throw light upon the hidden correlationship between the "systematization" of secondary education and the "institutionalization" of educational credentialism in Japanese society

Culture and Educational Credentials of Secondary Education in the Pre-War Period : A Case Study of Sasayama Women\u27s Secondary School

There are many studies on educational credentials. But most of them focuces on interrelationships between educational credentials and employment or promotion of personnels in modern organisations. The subjects of those studies are mainly male. However, this paper focuses on clarifying the meaning of educational credentials for female. During the pre-war period a main goal for women was marriage. Most women prepared for marriage with serving as a housekeeper to learn housekeeping skills and sewing after elementary school. From the end of the Meiji era, secondary education began to play a role to prepare for marriage among middle class women. Middle class consisted of many kinds of occupational groups such as from wealthy farmars in rural areas and wealthy marchants to white coller workers in urban areas. Secondary education for female developped rapidly aiming at the nurture of "Good Wives and Wise Mothers" during the Taisho era. Secondary education for female was deeply embedded in middle class culture. According to culture of those occupational groups, there were different types of institutions with various years of learning and diverse curricula. The diversity of institutions is characteristic of secondary education for female. Unlike for boys\u27secondary school, secondary schools were actually the highest stage of education for most female. That is only a few women entered colleges. Secondary education didn\u27t prepare female students for a college entrance examination. Female students enjoyed extra-curricura activities and their school life without pressures from entrance examination. This is another characteristic of secondary education for female. By exploring (1) detailed processes of establishing a women\u27s secondary school in Tanba Sasayama area, and clarifying (2) social function of this school and (3) it\u27s culture, we argue how educational credentials were permiated in the "life world" of women during the pre-war period

Structural Change and Institutionalization of Educational Credentialism in Secondary Education after World War II--A Case Study of Two High Schools in "Tanba Sasayama"

The concept of Eduactional Reform of secondary education after World War II was to introduce a new high school system offering terminal education equally open to all the citizens. One of the goals of this Reform was to reduce difference in quality among high schools to relieve educational credentialism. However as industrialization has proceeded, educational credentials have become more important as a main occupational selection criterion. As a result, the purpose of this Reform to equalize quality in education among different high schools faced difficulties to attain. By the time around 1960, a clear hierarchy among high schools and courses of study emerged. That means that inequality among high schools came out. The aim of this paper is to clarify the process how this Reform ended in failure by focusing on two day-time high schools: one is a comprehensive high school, and the other is a vocational (agriculture) high school; and seven part-time high schools in a region called "Tanba Sasayama". We examine functional change and organizational transition in each school and make clear how they lost their initial educational goals and changed their originally expected roles, and how they were reorganized

タイトジャンクションは極性化上皮細胞においてCampylobacter jejuniの細胞側面からの効率的な侵入を妨げ炎症によるバリアの破綻は菌の侵入を促進する

Campylobacter jejuni invasion is closely related to C. jejuni pathogenicity. The intestinal epithelium contains polarized epithelial cells that form tight junctions (TJs) to provide a physical barrier against bacterial invasion. Previous studies indicated that C. jejuni invasion of non-polarized cells involves several cellular features, including lipid rafts. However, the dynamics of C. jejuni invasion of polarized epithelial cells are not fully understood. Here we investigated the interaction between C. jejuni invasion and TJ formation to characterize the mechanism of C. jejuni invasion in polarized epithelial cells. In contrast to non-polarized epithelial cells, C. jejuni invasion was not affected by depletion of lipid rafts in polarized epithelial cells. However, depletion of lipid rafts significantly decreased C. jejuni invasion in TJ disrupted cells or basolateral infection and repair of cellular TJs suppressed lipid raft-mediated C. jejuni invasion in polarized epithelial cells. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-a treatment that induce TJ disruption promote C. jejuni invasion and lipid rafts depletion significantly reduced C. jejuni invasion in TNF-a treated cells. These data demonstrated that TJs prevent C. jejuni invasion from the lateral side of epithelial cells, where they play a main part in bacterial invasion and suggest that C. jejuni invasion could be increased in inflammatory condition. Therefore, maintenance of TJs integrity should be considered important in the development of novel therapies for C. jejuni infection

高校教育の量的変動と進路分化(Ⅲ) : 階層構造の視点から

日本教育社会学会第36回大会, 1984年10月(静岡大学), Ⅱ-4部会 学校の社会学(Ⅱ

高校教育の量的変動と進路分化(Ⅱ) : 府県の社会経済条件の視点から

日本教育社会学会第35回大会, 1983年10月(武蔵大学), 一般研究 Ⅲ-6部会 教育機

A method for the generation of pseudovirus particles bearing SARS coronavirus spike protein in high yields

The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has threatened human health and the global economy. Development of additional vaccines and therapeutics is urgently required, but such development with live virus must be conducted with biosafety level 3 confinement. Pseudotyped viruses have been widely adopted for studies of virus entry and pharmaceutical development to overcome this restriction. Here we describe a modified protocol to generate vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotyped with SARS-CoV or SARSCoV-2 spike protein in high yield. We found that a large proportion of pseudovirions produced with the conventional transient expression system lacked coronavirus spike protein at their surface as a result of inhibition of parental VSV infection by overexpression of this protein. Establishment of stable cell lines with an optimal expression level of coronavirus spike protein allowed the efficient production of progeny pseudoviruses decorated with spike protein. This improved VSV pseudovirus production method should facilitate studies of coronavirus entry and development of antiviral agents

Successful Treatment of Mediastinal Unicentric Castleman’s Disease Using Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Preoperative Embolization

Unicentric Castleman’s disease is a rare, benign lymphoproliferative disorder that is curable with surgical resection. However, significant bleeding often occurs during surgery because of tumor hypervascularity. We herein present a case of hyaline-vascular-type mediastinal unicentric Castleman’s disease, successfully resected using video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery with preoperative embolization. In the present case, tumor hypervascularity and feeding vessels were revealed by computed tomography (CT), which led us to perform preoperative angiography and embolization to the tumor feeding arteries to reduce intraoperative bleeding. Castleman’s disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypervascular mediastinal tumors. Tumor vascularity should be assessed prior to surgery, and preoperative embolization should be considered