The Labor Market in the Great Recession

From the perspective of a wide range of labor market outcomes, the recession that began in 2007 represents the deepest downturn in the postwar era. Early on, the nature of labor market adjustment displayed a notable resemblance to that observed in past severe downturns. During the latter half of 2009, however, the path of adjustment exhibited important departures from that seen during and after prior deep recessions. Recent data point to two warning signs going forward. First, the record rise in long-term unemployment may yield a persistent residue of long-term unemployed workers with weak search effectiveness. Second, conventional estimates suggest that the extension of Emergency Unemployment Compensation may have led to a modest increase in unemployment. Despite these forces, we conclude that the problems facing the U.S. labor market are unlikely to be as severe as the European unemployment problem of the 1980s

Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports The Gender Unemployment Gap

This paper presents preliminary findings and is being distributed to economists and other interested readers solely to stimulate discussion and elicit comments. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and are not necessarily reflective of views at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors. The Gender Unemployment Ga

Is Labor Supply Important for Business Cycles?

We build a general equilibrium model that features uninsurable idiosyncratic shocks, search frictions and an operative labor supply choice along the extensive margin. The model is calibrated to match the average levels of gross flows across the three labor market states: employment, unemployment, and non-participation. We use it to study the implications of two kinds of aggregate shocks for the cyclical behavior of labor market aggregates and flows: shocks to search frictions (the rates of job finding and job loss) and shocks to the return on the market activity (any factors affecting aggregate productivity). We find that both kinds of shocks are needed to explain the labor market data, and that an active labor supply channel is key. A model with friction shocks only, calibrated to match unemployment fluctuations, accounts for only a small fraction of employment fluctuations and has counterfactual cyclical predictions for participation.

Unemployment Dynamics in the OECD

We provide a set of comparable estimates for the rates of inflowto and outflow from unemployment using publicly available data for fourteen OECD economies. Using a novel decomposition that allows for deviations of unemployment from its flowsteady state, we find that fluctuations in both inflowand outflowrates contribute substantially to unemployment variation within countries. Anglo-Saxon economies exhibit approximately a 15:85 inflow-outflow split to unemployment variation, while continental European and Nordic countries display closer to a 45:55 split. In all economies, increases in inflows lead increases in unemployment, whereas outflows lag a ramp-up in unemployment. © 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Two-dimensional fractional Fourier transform and its optical implementation

Ankara : Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Institute of Engineering and Sciences Bilkent University, 1996.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 1996.Includes bibliographical references leaves 66-71.The IVactional Fourier transform of order a is defined in a manner sucli that tlu' common Fourier transform is a special case with order a = 1. Tlie definition is easil}^ extended to two dimensions just repeating the transibrm in x and y directions independently. The properties of the separable two dimensional fractional Fourier transform defined in this manner are derived and several oj)- tical implementations are given. However, this definition, ibr certain purposes, motivatcxi us to look for a new, non-separabhi definition. We ])resent sucli a d('iinition of the two dimensional fractional Fourier transform with its optical implementation. The usefulness of the new definition is justified with a noise filtering example.Şahin, AyşegülM.S

REVIEW OF FOOTBALL PLAYER TRANSFERS IN SPORT PAGES OF NEWSPAPERS

Our goal in our study entitled “Football Transportation: how is taking place in the sports pages of newspapers?” presented the news of the transfer of players in newspapers and the realization rate apprehended by comparing how many of the news written by the newspaper press are meant to perform ethical dimension evaluations. This research frequently used the content analysis of media method. In this study, a descriptive survey model aimed at describing the nature of the facts as they are used. It was analyzed using content analysis method. The news in the newspapers were screened between 1 July 2015 and August 31, 2015. The study analyzed the daily newspapers which are being published in Turkey. Press advertising agency regularly according to data published in daily newspapers has been identified as 46. Two newspapers from the right wing of the political spectrum; Turkey and time, using the rhetoric of the Republic and one day left, the liberal media group Hurriyet and Posta newspapers, sports newspapers and Fanatik newspapers as Fotomaç represented our study sample. In conclusion, according to the findings of the research we have achieved; 6-day transfer news newspaper sports pages, while the number of 304, 2 number of newspaper sports football transfer news 204, the total number is 508 8 newspaper's football transfer news. Transfer season in the transfer market newspapers have survived over the news for Besiktas, Fenerbahce, Galatasaray and Trabzonspor have seen their primary news.  Article visualizations

Gross worker flows over the business cycle

We build a hybrid model of the aggregate labor market that features both standard labor supply forces and frictions in order to study the cyclical properties of gross worker flows across the three labor market states: employment, unemployment, and nonparticipation. Our parsimonious model is able to capture the key features of the cyclical movements in gross worker flows. Despite the fact that the wage per efficiency unit is constant over time, intertemporal substitution plays an important role in shaping fluctuations in the participation rate

Zea Mays'dan Endofitik ve Ksilanolitik Bacillus Pumilus Suşlarının İzolasyonu

Bu çalışmada, yüzey sterilizasyonu yapılmış Zea mays gövde ve yapraklarından, sırası ile M1 ve M2 olarak isimlendirilen iki tane endofitik ksilanolitik bakteri izole edilmiştir. Izolatlar Bacillus pumilus olarak tanımlanmıştır. Mikroorganizmalar agar üzerinde farklı morfoloji sergilemiştir. Izolatlar arasında, ksilanaz üretim seviyesi ve profilinde de farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. İçinde %3 mısır koçanını tek karbon kaynağı olarak bulunduran sıvı besi yerinde, Bacillus pumilus M1 ve Bacillus pumilus M2 sırası ile maksimum ksilanaz aktivitesi olan 188.0 ± 20.0 ve 5.6 ± 1.1 U/ml değerlerine ulaşabilmiştir. İzolatlar, kaba fermentasyon özütünde çok düşük miktarda selülaz üretmiştir. B. pumilus M1 ksilanazı kısmi karakterize edilmiştir. Enzim pH 8.0 ve 65°C'de maksimum aktivite götermiş, kağıt beyazlatma endüstrisine uygun görülmüş ve ileri derecede karakterizasyona ihtiyaç duymuştur. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma Zea mays'ın iç kısmının, ksilanaz üreticilerinin izolasyonu için yeni ve iyi bir kaynak olduğunu göstermiştir. Detaylı tanımlama ardından bu enzimler, kağıt, tekstil, gıda ve yem endüstrisinde çeşitli uygulamalarda değerlendirilebilmesi mümkündür. In this study, two endophytic xylanolytic bacteria, named M1 and M2, were isolated from surface sterilized Zea mays stem and leaf, respectively. Isolates were identified as Bacillus pumilus. Microorganisims showed different morphology on agar plates. Xylanase production level and profile varied between isolates, as well. Maximum xylanase production level of 188.0 ± 20.0 and 5.6 ± 1.1 U/ml were achieved by Bacillus pumilus M1 and Bacillus pumilus M2 in a liquid medium containing 3% corn cobs as a sole carbon source and inducer, respectively. Isolates produced very low level of cellulase in crude enzyme extract. B. pumilus M1 xylanase was partially characterized. Enzyme had a maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 65°C, seemed proper for pulp and paper industry, and required further characterization. In conclusion, this study indicated that inside part of Zea mays is a novel and good source for isolating xylanase producers. After detailed characterization, such enzymes could be used in various applications in paper and pulp, textile, food and feed industries

Surface roughness and Streptococcus mutans adhesion on surface sealant agent coupled interim crown materials after dynamic loading.

BACKGROUND With the application of surface sealant agents, smooth surfaces can be achieved in a shorter time when compared with conventional polishing. However, studies on the performance of these agents against chewing forces are not many. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness and Streptococcus mutans adhesion on surface sealent coupled interim prosthetic materials after chewing simulation. METHODS One hundred and twelve specimens were fabricated from two poly(methyl methacrylate) (Tab 2000, Dentalon Plus) and two bis-acryl (Tempofit, Protemp 4) interim crown materials and divided into 4 groups (n = 7) according to applied surface treatment: conventional polishing (control) and 3 surface sealant (Palaseal, Optiglaze, Biscover) coupling methods. The surface roughness values (Ra) were measured with a profilometer before (Ra0) and after aging through dynamic loading in a multifunctional chewing simulator for 10,000 cycles at 50 N load combined with integral thermocycling (between 5 and 55 °C) (Ra1). Specimens were incubated with Streptococcus mutans suspension and the total number of adherent bacteria was calculated by multiplying the counted bacterial colonies with the dilution coefficient. RESULTS Surface sealant agent application significantly decreased the surface roughness compared with conventionally polished specimens, except for Optiglaze or BisCover LV applied Protemp 4 and Palaseal or Biscover LV applied Tempofit. Surface roughness after dynamic loading showed a statistically significant increase in all groups, except for the control groups of Tab 2000 and Protemp 4. A positive correlation was found between surface roughness values of interim prosthodontic materials and the quantitiy of Streptococcus Mutans. CONCLUSIONS Even though surface sealant agent application significantly decreased the surface roughness compared with conventionally polished specimens, dynamic loading significantly increased the surface roughness of all surface sealant coupled materials. The Ra values of all test groups were higher than the plaque accumulation threshold (0.20 µm). Streptococcus mutans adhered more on rougher surfaces