Water quality and shellfish related gastrointestinal disease cases in Kota Bharu

Shellfish or to be specific, the family of freshwater mussels and the species known as Corbicula fluminea or in the local dialect recognized as “etak� is one of the food peculiar to Kelantan. “Etak� is a filter feeder. Therefore, a lot of pollutants could be accumulated in the “etak’s� tissues including pathogenic bacteria which are mainly contributed by improperly treated sewage discharged into the river. Besides direct contamination from the habitats, C. fluminea may also be contaminated during preparation and sale. The objective of this study is to identify the correlation between water quality, shellfish tissue contaminations and the cases of gastrointestinal diseases in Kota Bharu as well as to study the stage of bacteria contamination in the shellfish preparation cycle and to compare the bacteria concentration in river bed and selling points of shellfish. The methodology in this study involves water quality sampling and shellfish sampling, with lab analysis being done by accredited lab and secondary data was obtained from Department of Health, Kota Bharu regarding the cases of gastrointestinal diseases in Kota Bharu. There are two stages of shellfish sampling, the first stage is raw “etak� from the river bed and the second stage is process “etak�. Three sampling stations were chosen. Shellfish tissues were analyzed by bacteriology lab of Fisheries Research Institute located in Batu Maung, Penang and water quality analysis was performed by accredited laboratory. During the study, bacterial contamination in raw C. fluminea or “etak� was found to be high and exceeded the standard especially for Escherichia coli and Fecal coliform. Raw C. fluminea was found to be unsafe for consumption. Bacterial contamination in processed C. fluminea or “etak� was also found to be high but lesser in concentration as compared to raw one. Bacteria contamination occurred mainly in the river bed although contamination during the selling process is also possible. High concentrations of bacteria in the river result in high concentrations of bacteria in “etak� tissues and these could possibly lead to high gastrointestinal diseases in Kelantan, particularly in Kota Bharu

‘Sangu Akhirat’ Sebagai Gerakan Filantropi: Transformasi Bantuan Pembangunan Masjid Al-Amin Menjadi Dana Sosial Umat

The program ‘Sangu Akhirat’ is popularity by people of Sumber Gamol Village, Sleman. If we are variously from behind, ‘Sangu Akhirat’ program is a model of Muslim philanthropy movement who increasingly develops in the society of this country for old. For the early, this programs has been the purpose of cost salvage building mosque in 2007, but the next step when mosque building after finished is still existed until right now. Meanwhile, the programs have been changing of function become social cost since 2012. Hence, this article aims to explain the transforming develop from cost building mosque become social cost security for empowerment. For the step early, this paper is developing research of thesis for the graduate program, then this article cultivated to become a narrative field study with a qualitative approach. Data of this research has been treated through the interview process, observation, and documentation. Moreover, the data was cultivated by reduction data, display data, and conclusion. Based on field discovery, this article is twice part of the implementation program both interpretation and organizing steps and the application program. After the implementation of ‘Sangu Akhirat’ program, I am discovering of impact in the growth of mutual assistance spirit, increasingly of sympathy, and developing for spirit helping people in the village.Program ‘Sangu Akhirat’ dipopulerkan oleh masyarakat Dusun Sumber Gamol, Sleman. Jika ditelisik, ‘Sangu Akhirat’ masuk dalam gerakan filantropi Islam yang sudah tumbuh berkembang di tengah masyarakat negeri ini. Pada tahap awal, program ini bertujuan untuk menutupi biaya pembangunan masjid di tahun 2007, namun tahap selanjutnya ketika pembangunan masjid selesai, program ini masih memiliki eksistensi. Di mana eksistensi program ini berubah fungsi menjadi dana sosial umat sejak 2012. Dengan demikian, artikel ini menjelaskan tentang transformasi program bantuan pembangunan masjid Al-Amin Aminah Binti Saif menjadi dana sosial umat. Secara eksploratif, artikel ini menjelaskan lebih dalam tentang implementasi program ‘Sangu Akhirat’. Pada awalnya, kajian ini adalah penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan jenis kualitatif. Seiring dengan kebutuhan publikasi, maka hasil draft penelitian ini diolah menjadi sebuah artikel dengan analisis deskriptif. Data penelitian ini diolah dari proses wawancara, obsevasi, dan dokumentasi. Adapun data yang diperoleh melalui proses penyederhanaan dengan cara reduksi data, menyajikan data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan temuan lapangan, artikel ini di bagi menjadi dua implementasi program, yakni tahapan interpretasi, tahapan pengorganisasian, dan tahapan aplikasi. Setelah melalui tahap implementasi, penulis menemukan beberapa dampak dari program ini, antara lain: tumbuhnya semangat gotong royong,  meningkatnya rasa simpatik sesama masyarakat, dan berkembangnya rasa saling tolong menolong di masyarakat

Sediment size distribution at three rivers with different types of land use in Endau Catchment Area, Kluang, Johor, Malaysia

Land use along the river will determine the substrate size and distributions. Substrate particle size will influence aquatic life because substrate is one of the main components forming aquatic habitat. This aquatic habitat is very important in determining river water quality as well as river health. Therefore, identifying the sediment size distribution based on land use is very crucial in river maintenance. The objective of this study is to determine the particle size variation between upper reach and lower reach of the sampling station as well as variation from different land use cover at different sub-catchment areas. The pebble counts was conducted at upper reach station and lower reach station by applying the Pebble Count Protocols developed by the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection and Wolmen Pebble Count Procedure. The average median (D50) for Dengar River ranged between 4.5 mm for upper portion and 2.4 mm for lower portion. Similar observations were found at the Mengkibol River, where particle size ranged between 3.0 mm for upper portion and 2.4 mm for lower portion. As for Madek River which represents land use area for logging activity, the results obtained were different in which the upper portion the particle size was smaller (D50 = 4.5 mm) than the lower portion (D50 = 41.5 mm). The finding of this study will be a basis for river catchment management study and can be used by river management authorities in the country for river management planning.Keyword: pebble count, sediment size, average median, fine gravel, very fine gravel, urban, oil palm, logging, land us

Correlation between Soil Organic Matter, Total Organic Matter and Water Content with Climate and Depths of Soil at Different Land use in Kelantan, Malaysia

A total of four sites distributed in different soils of Kelantan State, Malaysia was identified for the study. Soils were collected by depth interval of 0-10cm, 10-20cm and 20-30cm. The correlation of soil organic matter (SOM) content, total organic carbon (TOC) content, water content and soils texture for industrial area at Pengkalan Chepa, township of Kota Bharu district, agricultural area at Banggu and forested area in UMK, Jeli were investigated. These data sets were also correlated to temporal event in Kelantan State. Correlation analysis indicated that,generally, SOM and TOC concentration and soil classes had a positive correlation with temporal patterns and no significance effects with depth of the soils. The relationships between SOM content, TOC content and clay + silt content, were also studied. The results showed that, SOM concentration was lower (P < 0.05) at Pengkalan Chepa area (1.96%) compared to Kota Bharu (2.06%), Banggu (2.77%) and Jeli (7.39%). At the same time, the TOC level also showed that Banggu area recorded the lowest concentration (0.42%) followed by Kota Bharu (0.71%), Pengkalan Chepa (0.76%) and Jeli (3.73%). The temporal factor (p < 0.05) showed that TOC content higher during dry season (1.76%) and lower during pre monsoon (0.48%) and lowest in monsoon season (0.25%). Similar results were obtained for SOM content, higher during dry season (4.00%) followed by pre monsoon (2.12%) and lowest in monsoon season (1.67%). The lowest TOC and SOM content in soil during monsoon season was believed to be due heavy rain which detaches all the organic matter from soil particles into river.J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Dec., 2012, Vol. 16 (4) 353-35

Potential of phytoremediation using Scirpus validus for domestic waste open dumping leachate

Currently in Malaysia there are only few sanitary landfills available for domestic waste disposal and most of them are located in Johore, Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. However, to date, there is no sanitary landfill in the state of Kelantan. All the twelve (12) rubbish disposal facilities in Kelantan are open dumping without any treatment. Leachate water was created by decomposition of organic waste flow out and polluted the surface water bodies, soil, ground water and air (smell). Phytoremediation treatment can overcome the water, groundwater, soil and air pollutions from rubbish disposal by using any significant plant either using trees or grassland. The mechanisms such rhizofiltration, phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization and phtodegradation are discussed. This study utilized Scirpus validus, a grass-like plant from Cyperaceae family to treat leachate from open dumping site. It is a fresh water plant that can be found at wetland, shallow water, lake side and wet meadows. The physicochemical parameter is used as an indicator to indicate the effectiveness of Scirpus validus in reducing the concentrations (%) of COD, BOD5 and AN. This experiment is conducted only for 15 days due to time constrains. The results showed that, 11.20% of removing efficiency for COD, 30.90% for BOD5 and 8.70% for AN. It was believed the removal rate will increase as the treatment time increases. So, it can be concluded that, Scirpus validus has quite substantial potential to be used for open dumping site leachate treatment especially at tertiary treatment or polishing level.Keywords: Scirpus validus, phytoremediation, leachate, domestic waste, open dumping, effectivenes

The impacts of monsoon and dry seasons on physical water quality changes and farmed Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) mortality at Sri Tujuh lagoon, Tumpat, Kelantan, Malaysia

This study aimed to monitor the water quality in Sri Tujuh lagoon during monsoon and dry seasons, as well as the impact of the two seasons on the production of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). The water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, conductivity, turbidity and total dissolved solid of Sri Tujuh lagoon were assessed using water samples collected from 13 sampling points at 1ft, 4ft and 7ft water depth during dry season (March-August 2014) and monsoon (September-November 2014). Fish mortality was recorded from Asian seabass farmers in the lagoon. Water quality data during dry seasoon and monsoon was compared using T-Test and data from 3 different depths was analysed by using One Way Anova followed by Tukey test at p < 0.05. The water parameters in dry season, monsoon season, combination of dry and monsoon season were subjected to Pearson correlation analysis separately and a matrix was tabulated. Water parameters were also subjected to cluster analysis by using Ward’s method with squared Euclidean distances as a measure of similarity. In the present study Ward’s method was used ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc in order to minimize the sum of squares. The result was represented by a dendrogram. The findings of the present study showed water parameters such as DO, salinity and turbidity were significantly different between dry and monsoon seasons. However no significant difference was found in term of fish mortality. The water parameters of Sri Tujuh lagoon during the study were as follow: temperature 29.4-33.3 oC; pH 7.0-9.3; DO 0.8-6.8 mg L -1 ; salinity 10.7-31.3 ppt; conductivity 17.5-50.5 µs cm-1 ; turbidity 5.4-59.8 NTU; TDS 23.3-32 ppt. The fish mortality was recorded ranging from 9.3 to 15.5% from March to November, 2014. The positive and significance (p < 0.01) correlation was recorded between temperature and pH (0.434), temperature and DO (0.472), DO and pH (0.315), salinity and pH (0.615), conductivity and pH (0.595), conductivity and salinity (0.992), TDS and pH (0.340), TDS and salinity (0.322) and TDS and conductivity (0.322). Fish mortality showed no correlation with all water parameters changing in the whole study at Sri Tujuh lagoon. Based on the water parameter records from 13 sampling stations, the sampling stations can be divided into 5 clusters. Cluster 1 possesses the greatest number of stations namely S3, S4, S6, S7, S8, S11 and S12 whereas Cluster 2 has S1, S10 and S13. Only one station was found in the Cluster 3 (S5), Cluster 4 (S2) and Cluster 5 (S9). Based on the findings of the present study, Sri Tujuh lagoon can be considered as one of the best places to conduct aquaculture activities in Kelantan

ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF Salmonella spp. ISOLATED FROM FARMED ASIAN CLAM Corbicula fluminea

U ovom istraživanju, Salmonella spp. je uspješno izolirana iz azijskog školjkaša Corbicula fluminea primjenom Ksiloza Lizin Deoksiolata (XLD) selektivnog agara. Ukupno je izolirano 200 bakterijskih kolonija iz živih azijskih školjkaša i podvrgnuto ispitivanju osjetljivosti na antimikrobne tvari primjenom disk difuzije. U istraživanju je primijenjeno ukupno 18 antibiotika, i to: oksolinska kiselina, nalidiksična kiselina, eritromicin, tetraciklin, doksiciklin, oleandomicin, oksitetraciklin, spiramicin, ampicillin, kanamicin, fosfomicin, florfenikol, linkomicin, novobiocin, kloramfenikol, amoksicilin, flumekvin i sulfametoksazol. Rezultati ove studije ukazali su da je ukupni uzorak osjetljivih na antibiotike za Salmonella spp. izolirane iz uzorka C. fluminea bilo 50% ili 1800 slučajeva. Potom su uslijedili slučajevi rezistencije na antibiotike od 45% ili 1620 slučajeva i posredno osjetljivih na antibiotike (5% ili 180 slučajeva). Na temelju rezultata, tetraciklin, doksiciklin, oksitetraciklin i flumekvin pokazali su najveću inhibiciju izolirane Salmonella spp. Indeks višestruke rezistencije na antibiotike (MAR) bio je 0,36, što ukazuje da su uzorci školjkaša bili visoko izloženi testiranim antibioticima.In the present study, Salmonella spp. was successfully isolated from Asian clam Corbicula fluminea by using Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) selective agar. A total of 200 bacterial colonies from live Asian clams were isolated and subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity test by using disc diffusion method. A total of 18 antibiotics was applied in the present study, namely oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, oleandomycin, oxytetracycline, spiramycin, ampicillin, kanamycin, fosfomycin, florfenicol, lincomycin, novobiocin, chloramphenicol, amoxycillin, flumequine and sulphamethoxazole. The findings of the present study showed that total antibiotic sensitive case for Salmonella spp. isolated from C. fluminea sample was 50% or 1800 cases. This was followed by antibiotic resistance case 45% or 1620 cases and intermediary antibiotic sensitive case (5% or 180 cases). Based on the results of the present study, tetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and flumequine showed the highest inhibition of isolated Salmonella spp. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was 0.36, indicating the sampled clams were highly exposed to the tested antibiotics

‘Sangu Akhirat’ Sebagai Gerakan Filantropi: Transformasi Bantuan Pembangunan Masjid Al-Amin Menjadi Dana Sosial Umat

The program ‘Sangu Akhirat’ is popularity by people of Sumber Gamol Village, Sleman. If we are variously from behind, ‘Sangu Akhirat’ program is a model of Muslim philanthropy movement who increasingly develops in the society of this country for old. For the early, this programs has been the purpose of cost salvage building mosque in 2007, but the next step when mosque building after finished is still existed until right now. Meanwhile, the programs have been changing of function become social cost since 2012. Hence, this article aims to explain the transforming develop from cost building mosque become social cost security for empowerment. For the step early, this paper is developing research of thesis for the graduate program, then this article cultivated to become a narrative field study with a qualitative approach. Data of this research has been treated through the interview process, observation, and documentation. Moreover, the data was cultivated by reduction data, display data, and conclusion. Based on field discovery, this article is twice part of the implementation program both interpretation and organizing steps and the application program. After the implementation of ‘Sangu Akhirat’ program, I am discovering of impact in the growth of mutual assistance spirit, increasingly of sympathy, and developing for spirit helping people in the village.Program ‘Sangu Akhirat’ dipopulerkan oleh masyarakat Dusun Sumber Gamol, Sleman. Jika ditelisik, ‘Sangu Akhirat’ masuk dalam gerakan filantropi Islam yang sudah tumbuh berkembang di tengah masyarakat negeri ini. Pada tahap awal, program ini bertujuan untuk menutupi biaya pembangunan masjid di tahun 2007, namun tahap selanjutnya ketika pembangunan masjid selesai, program ini masih memiliki eksistensi. Di mana eksistensi program ini berubah fungsi menjadi dana sosial umat sejak 2012. Dengan demikian, artikel ini menjelaskan tentang transformasi program bantuan pembangunan masjid Al-Amin Aminah Binti Saif menjadi dana sosial umat. Secara eksploratif, artikel ini menjelaskan lebih dalam tentang implementasi program ‘Sangu Akhirat’. Pada awalnya, kajian ini adalah penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan jenis kualitatif. Seiring dengan kebutuhan publikasi, maka hasil draft penelitian ini diolah menjadi sebuah artikel dengan analisis deskriptif. Data penelitian ini diolah dari proses wawancara, obsevasi, dan dokumentasi. Adapun data yang diperoleh melalui proses penyederhanaan dengan cara reduksi data, menyajikan data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan temuan lapangan, artikel ini di bagi menjadi dua implementasi program, yakni tahapan interpretasi, tahapan pengorganisasian, dan tahapan aplikasi. Setelah melalui tahap implementasi, penulis menemukan beberapa dampak dari program ini, antara lain: tumbuhnya semangat gotong royong,  meningkatnya rasa simpatik sesama masyarakat, dan berkembangnya rasa saling tolong menolong di masyarakat

Green Campus: Business Canvas Model, SWOT Analysis & Obstacle

Green campus project contribute to positive impact and widely related with environment. In completing this study, the problem statement is identified 33,590,000 kWh consumption of electricity in UUM, RM 8 million per year or RM 666,666 per month UUM spend for electric bill. This study aims to explore the green campus project activity at University Utara Malaysia. Besides that, this study to develop business model canvas of green campus project at UUM. However, there are many other problems encountered in implementing the green campus project. Thus, this study focused on the obstacle during green campus implementation at UUM. Qualitative has been used as data collection method. The interview has been conducted among Project Director for each project. The result show that each project have their own weaknesses, strength, opportunities and threats. The lack of knowledge from students lead to few participate because no disclosure about green campus environment. In this study business model canvas are used to identify who’s involved in this project, the advantages of the project, the value of the project and what kind of green campus activities that has been done. The result in this study provide a solution to the obstacles faced by UUM with less exposure and implementation of green campus projects. This study also provides a solution to implement green campus projects and to identify barriers to implementing green campus projects in orders to identify effective strategies for solving problem during implementation of the projects. In conclusion, this green campus project has a positive impact, but its implementation is still at a low level in UU

High quality of bacterial dna extraction from Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) tissue in Kelantan

Corbicula fluminea is a freshwater clam that is served as a popular traditional food in Kelantan, Malaysia. However, there are limited studies that report on high quality bacterial metagenome deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from C. fluminea. Therefore, this study compares the effectiveness and efficiency of conventional cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol, a commercial kit, and modified CTAB protocol for bacterial DNA extraction from the soft tissue surface of raw C. fluminea. The instruments used to examine the quality of the extracted bacterial DNA were DeNovix DS-11 spectrophotometer, gel electrophoresis machine, and UV transilluminator. The results showed that the bacterial DNA extracted from modified CTAB protocol had the highest purity and integrity with the A260/A280 ratio of 1.92 ± 0.01 and A260/A230 ratio of 1.83 ± 0.06 as well as the DNA band with minimum smear. This concludes that modified CTAB protocol is the best approach for the bacterial extraction from the C. fluminea