In vitro assessment of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) fermentation in pigs: Fermentable substrates and microbial activity

Recently, it has become apparent that GIT fermentation is not only of interest for ruminant animals, but also for monogastrics. While it is now widely accepted that the fermentation process and its resultant end-products can have important influences on animal health, little is known about the microbiological and immunological processes involved. In terms of animal health, most interest at the moment is focussed on those moments in animals’ lives when they are faced with sudden changes resulting in stress. The period of weaning in piglets is a typical example of this. The most easily accomplished and appropriate way to influence GIT fermentation processes is that of dietary intervention. This is reflected by the widespread interest in so-called pre- and pro-biotics. Given the complexities of the interactions occurring in the animal itself, it is hardly surprising that in vitro techniques are being widely used: firstly to examine potential substrates for their fermentability and possible inclusion in diets, and secondly, to assess changes in the microbial populations in response to these substrates. This paper will review the techniques currently in use for these two aspects of monogastric fermentation, and provide examples of their use

Male form of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome type I (hernia uteri inguinalis) presenting as an obstructed inguinal hernia: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome is a rare form of male pseudo-hermaphroditism characterized by the presence of Mullerian duct structures in an otherwise phenotypically, as well as genotypically, normal man; only a few cases have been reported in the worldwide literature. We report the case of a 30-year-old man with unilateral cryptorchidism on the right side and a left-sided obstructed inguinal hernia containing a uterus and fallopian tube (that is, hernia uteri inguinalis; type I male form of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome) coincidentally detected during an operation for an obstructed left inguinal hernia.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 30-year-old South Indian man was admitted to our facility with a left-sided obstructed inguinal hernia of one day's duration. He had a 12-year history of inguinal swelling and an absence of the right testis since birth. Our patient had well developed masculine features. Local physical examination revealed a left-sided obstructed inguinal hernia with an absence of the right testis in the scrotum. Exploration of the inguinal canal revealed an indirect inguinal hernia containing omentum, the left corner of the uterus and a left fallopian tube. Extension of the incision revealed a well formed uterus, cervix and upper part of the vagina attached to the prostate by a thick fibrosed band. Total excision of the uterus, bilateral fallopian tubes and right testis was performed. A biopsy was taken from the left testis. The operation was completed by left inguinal herniorraphy. Histopathological examination of the hernial contents was consistent with that of a uterus and fallopian tubes without ovaries. Both testes were atrophied, with complete arrest of spermatogenesis. Post-operative karyotype analyses were negative for 46,XY and Barr bodies on buccal smear. A semen examination revealed azoospermia with a low serum testosterone level.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In cases of unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism associated with inguinal hernia, as in our patient's case, the possibility of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome should be kept in mind in order to prevent further complications such as infertility and malignant change. Hernia uteri inguinalis is the type I male form of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome, characterized by one descended testis and herniation of the ipsilateral corner of the uterus and fallopian tube into the inguinal canal.</p

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Titania Nanocubes, Nanospheres and Nanorods for Photocatalytic Dye Degradation

TiO2nanostructures with fascinating morphologies like cubes, spheres, and rods were synthesized by a simple microwave irradiation technique. Tuning of different morphologies was achieved by changing the pH and the nature of the medium or the precipitating agent. As-synthesized titania nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (IR), BET surface area, photoluminescence (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Photocatalytic dye degradation studies were conducted using methylene blue under ultraviolet light irradiation. Dye degradation ability for nanocubes was found to be superior to the spheres and the rods and can be attributed to the observed high surface area of nanocubes. As-synthesized titania nanostructures have shown higher photocatalytic activity than the commercial photocatalyst Degussa P25 TiO2

Thyroid gland Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology

Abstract Thyroid gland is an important endocrine organ. It structure and function of thyroid gland were discovered during 17 is being done since early 19 th century, perfected by Theodre Kocher in early 20 the first endocrine gland to deve anatomical relations of thyroid are recurrent laryngeal nerve, parathyroid glands and external laryngeal nerve with variations. Thyroid gland sec Thyroxine has effects on all organs of body and its secretion is regulated by Pituitary. Present article throws light on some historical aspects, embryology, anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland based on relevant articles and textbook

Estimating Damaged Pixel Using Neighborhood Information For Digital Image Inpainting

Estimatingthe value of deadpixels in a damaged image isoften desired in image processing. This technique is calledas Image In painting. Inthis paper,two Image In paintingtechniquesbased on neighborhood information are compared.In technique one a kernel function of dynamic weights is calculated based on the direction between known pixel and unknown pixel and the Euclidian distance between them. Whilein technique two the a kernel function is calculated based on gradient of pixels in a neighborhood. The image is unpaintedin both the techniquesby convolving the damaged region with the kernel function. Thetwo techniques are testedonimages and theexperimentalresults confirmthe effectiveness of the algorithm

Performance Analysis of Lte Network Using Runtime Pre-coding Algorithm

LTE (Long Term Evolution) meets the requirement of high data rates, improved end user performance, better spectrum utilization, no interference and many more. All this is possible because of its features, one of which is multipoint transmission with single user as well as multi user. But whenever user receives signal from number of transmitting a points, it becomes difficult to calculate the precoders and corresponding filters. The paper describes one of such scenario where user receives signal from multiple eNodeBs. We have implemented a runtime algorithm to estimate the pre-coders and its corresponding filters for system level simulation of LTE network using Matlab