First inventory of macroinvertebrates of River Niger in Niamey as bioindicators of urban and industrial pollution

L’approche biologique, basée sur la distribution des peuplements de macro-invertébrés le long du fleuve Niger à Niamey, permet une bonne caractérisation biologique des stations d’échantillonnage. L’échantillonnage des macro-invertébrés à chacune de ces stations est effectué grâce au filet troubleau, aux substrats artificiels et à la jacinthe d’eau. Cette approche montre l’évolution de la richesse et de la diversité taxonomique le long des stations. Ainsi, la richesse et la diversité taxonomique diminuent en passant de l’amont à l’aval des points de rejets. Les stations de référence et les stations en aval éloigné des rejets présentent une diversité plus satisfaisante comparativement aux stations en aval immédiat des rejets. Il ressort de l’ordination des taxons que les stations en amont et en aval éloigné des rejets sont les moins polluées et abritent des taxons qui sont sensibles à la pollution comme Thraulus sp., Elassoneuria sp., Afronurus sp., Centroptiloides sp., Adenophlebia sp., Dipseudopsis sp.et Neoperla sp. Les stations en aval immédiat de la brasserie du Niger et de l’abattoir paraissent être les plus polluées avec la présence des taxons comme Chironomus gr. plumosus, Syrphidae et Culicidae. Le changement dans la composition des assemblages taxonomiques, l’indice de diversité de Shannon-Weaver et l’abondance des taxons sont des indicateurs d’une modification de la qualité de l’eau et de l’habitat en passant de l’amont à l’aval des points de rejets de la ville de Niamey

Gestion des forets et des arbres au niveau des terroirs dans la region de Maradi

Etude de Kano-Maradi sur les evolutions a long-terme: serie Niger-NigeriaSIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:3630.2276(31) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Etude de la qualité physico-chimique et biologique des eaux du fleuve Niger à Niamey

Le fleuve Niger est le récepteur principal des rejets d’eaux usées de la ville de Niamey, capital du Niger, provenant des activités industrielles, domestiques, hospitalières et agricoles. La quantité des déchetssolides produits chaque année est estimée à 273 750 tonnes. Or, les eaux du fleuve sont utilisées entre autres pour l’alimentation en eau potable de Niamey et pour l’agriculture irriguée. Les eaux souterraines qui alimentent le fleuve Niger, se dégradent au fil des années au voisinage de Niamey à cause de l’infiltration des eaux issues de la pollution urbaine ainsi que des latrines et fosses sceptiques. La présente étude vise à évaluer la qualité des eaux du fleuve Niger en se basant sur la physico-chimique et les communautés de macroinvertébrés. 36 taxons de macroinvertébrés ont été récoltés le long du fleuve. La description de ces taxons montre une variation de la structure des communautés caractérisée par une baisse de la richesse taxonomique en aval des points de rejet. La présence des taxons comme, Melania sp., les familles de Syrphidae et Culicidae indique une détérioration de la qualité des eaux due à la matière organique dans certains sites proches des points de rejet. En revanche, la présence de Thraulus sp., Elassoneuria sp., Afronurus sp., Centroptiloides sp., Adenophlebia sp., Dipseudopsis sp. et Neoperla sp., reflète une eau de meilleure qualité dans les sites de référence situés en amont de tous les points de rejet. L’analyse canonique des correspondances révèle que, l’oxygène dissous, le phosphore total, les orthophosphates, le pH et la Demande Chimique en Oxygène (DCO) sont les principaux facteurs qui expliquent de manière significative (

Strategies for the removal of short-term indwelling urethral catheters in adults

Background: Urinary catheterisation is a common procedure, with approximately 15% to 25% of all people admitted to hospital receiving short-term (14 days or less) indwelling urethral catheterisation at some point during their care. However, the use of urinary catheters is associated with an increased risk of developing urinary tract infection. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is one of the most common hospital-acquired infections. It is estimated that around 20% of hospital-acquired bacteraemias arise from the urinary tract and are associated with mortality of around 10%. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2005 and last published in 2007. Objectives: To assess the effects of strategies for removing short-term (14 days or less) indwelling catheters in adults. Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Specialised Register, which contains trials identified from CENTRAL, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP, and handsearching of journals and conference proceedings (searched 17 March 2020), and reference lists of relevant articles. Selection criteria: We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs that evaluated the effectiveness of practices undertaken for the removal of short-term indwelling urethral catheters in adults for any reason in any setting. Data collection and analysis: Two review authors performed abstract and full-text screening of all relevant articles. At least two review authors independently performed risk of bias assessment, data abstraction and GRADE assessment. Main results: We included 99 trials involving 12,241 participants. We judged the majority of trials to be at low or unclear risk of selection and detection bias, with a high risk of performance bias. We also deemed most trials to be at low risk of attrition and reporting bias. None of the trials reported on quality of life. The majority of participants across the trials had undergone some form of surgical procedure. Thirteen trials involving 1506 participants compared the removal of short-term indwelling urethral catheters at one time of day (early morning removal group between 6 am to 7 am) versus another (late night removal group between 10 pm to midnight). Catheter removal late at night may slightly reduce the risk of requiring recatheterisation compared with early morning (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.96; 10 RCTs, 1920 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain if there is any difference between early morning and late night removal in the risk of developing symptomatic CAUTI (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.63; 1 RCT, 41 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether the time of day makes a difference to the risk of dysuria (RR 2.20; 95% CI 0.70 to 6.86; 1 RCT, 170 participants; low-certainty evidence). Sixty-eight trials involving 9247 participants compared shorter versus longer durations of catheterisation. Shorter durations may increase the risk of requiring recatheterisation compared with longer durations (RR 1.81, 95% CI 1.35 to 2.41; 44 trials, 5870 participants; low-certainty evidence), but probably reduce the risk of symptomatic CAUTI (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.61; 41 RCTs, 5759 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) and may reduce the risk of dysuria (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.88; 7 RCTs; 1398 participants; low-certainty evidence). Seven trials involving 714 participants compared policies of clamping catheters versus free drainage. There may be little to no difference between clamping and free drainage in terms of the risk of requiring recatheterisation (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.21; 5 RCTs; 569 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain if there is any difference in the risk of symptomatic CAUTI (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.63; 2 RCTs, 267 participants; very low-certainty evidence) or dysuria (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.54; 1 trial, 79 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Three trials involving 402 participants compared the use of prophylactic alpha blockers versus no intervention or placebo. We are uncertain if prophylactic alpha blockers before catheter removal has any effect on the risk of requiring recatheterisation (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.58 to 2.42; 2 RCTs, 184 participants; very low-certainty evidence) or risk of symptomatic CAUTI (RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.01 to 4.06; 1 trial, 94 participants; very low-certainty evidence). None of the included trials investigating prophylactic alpha blockers reported the number of participants with dysuria. Authors\u27 conclusions: There is some evidence to suggest the removal of indwelling urethral catheters late at night rather than early in the morning may reduce the number of people who require recatheterisation. It appears that catheter removal after shorter compared to longer durations probably reduces the risk of symptomatic CAUTI and may reduce the risk of dysuria. However, it may lead to more people requiring recatheterisation. The other evidence relating to the risk of symptomatic CAUTI and dysuria is too uncertain to allow us to draw any conclusions. Due to the low certainty of the majority of the evidence presented here, the results of further research are likely to change our findings and to have a further impact on clinical practice. This systematic review has highlighted the need for a standardised set of core outcomes, which should be measured and reported by all future trials comparing strategies for the removal of short-term urinary catheters. Future trials should also study the effects of short-term indwelling urethral catheter removal on non-surgical patients

Strategies for the removal of short-term indwelling urethral catheters in adults (Review)

Internal sources University of Aberdeen, UK Awaiss Ellahi and Emily Kidd were supported by the University of Aberdeen School of Medicine. External sources National Institute for Health Research, UK This project was supported by the National Institute for Health Research, via Cochrane infrastructure funding to Cochrane Incontinence. The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Evidence Synthesis Programme, the NIHR, NHS or the Department of Health and Social Care.Peer reviewedPublisher PD