7 research outputs found
New assessment tool for artificial plant lighting: case of tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.)
Growing crops under artificial conditions need a very favourable environment,
especially the spectral composition of radiation influencing the plant biometry greatly. The study
objective was to find how to assess the closeness of real growing conditions to the optimal ones
using a single coefficient, which would reflect several time dependencies of individual growth
indicators. The plant growth friendliness factor (KG)was proposed for this purpose. Tomato
transplants (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill., ‘Polonaise F1’) were grown in a peat substrate under
two lighting systems with different light quality.One system consisted of eight fluorescent lamps
OSRAM L58W / 840 LUMILUX Cool White and eight lamps L58W / 77 FLUORA mounted on
the standardframe, alternating the lamp types (Type I spectrum).In theother lighting system, the
PCB Star LEDs with wavelengths of red 630 nm and far-red 735 nm were added(Type II
spectrum). The irradiance level was maintained at 140 μmol m-2
s
-1
, the photoperiod was 16 h.
The ratio of long-wave flux to the total flux KL was calculated for these lighting systems
(0.37 rel.units for Type I spectrum and 0.50 rel.units for Type II spectrum) and KG factor was
determined by the proposed formula. The value ofKG was found to be twice as small for Type I
spectrumthan for Type II spectrum. The significant difference in biometric parameters of tomato
transplants grown under Type I and Type II spectrawas revealed. The plants grown in the
environment characterized by higher KG, were higher; they had more significantwet mass and
stem neck diameter
Radiation use efficiency by tomato transplants grown under extended photoperiod
The study focused on the effect of an extended photoperiod on the radiation use
efficiency (RUE) by the tomato transplants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in the pre–reproductive
period. In two consecutive series of experiments, the photoperiod was 16 and 22 hours. The
photon irradiance at the plant tops was maintained at low, medium and high levels: 100, 170 and
240 μmol m–2
s
–1
, respectively. The plants were grown under two lighting systems with different
light quality. The difference was7% higher blue flux share in Spectrum II. The use of an extended
photoperiod, especially in combination with high irradiance level, resulted in the plant leaf
chlorosis. When varying the radiation dose components, the deviation from the reciprocity law
was recorded. By the analysis results, the chlorophyll degradation was a response to the extended
photoperiod rather than the radiation dose. Without additional blue flux, under a regular
photoperiod, RUE reduced by 8% at the high irradiance level. Under extended photoperiod, the
shift from the low to high irradiance level reduced RUE by 20–37%, with bigger reduction values
being observed at higher irradiance levels. Seven percent addition of blue flux made it possible
to increase RUE by 5–8% at the same and lower irradiance levels and under the regular
photoperiod. With the extended photoperiod under these conditions, RUE decreased by 8–21%.
The study results verify a great influence of an extended photoperiod on RUE, while the degree
of influence depends on other parameters of light environment – light quality and irradiance level
Possibilities of cucumber powdery mildew detection by visible and near-infrared spectroscopy
Received: July 16th, 2021 ; Accepted: November 6th, 2021 ; Published: February 1st, 2022 ; Correspondence: [email protected] are one of the most demanded and widely grown greenhouse vegetables.
Important factors that influence quality and quantity of yield are diseases. Powdery mildew
(caused by Podosphaera xanthii and/or Golovinomyces cichoracearum), is one of the
most harmful cucumber diseases. Early detection of mildew via non-destructive methods can
optimize schemes of fungicide application. The study aimed to find regularities in the reflected
light spectra, indices described in the literature, and severity of mildew. Plants were grown in the
polycarbonate greenhouse under artificial lighting in a 16 h photoperiod with PAR at the tips of
plants 200 ± 30 µmol m-2 s-1. Leaf reflection spectra were obtained using spectroradiometer
RS-3500 (Ltd. Spectral Evolution). Spectral range 350–2,500 nm, bandwidth 1 nm. The severity
of cucumber mildew was evaluated using 10 point scale (0- no symptoms, … 9 - the plant is
dead). The vegetation indices found in the literature have been calculated. The obtained results
show that the calculated indices have different sensitivities. The strongest correlation between the
degree of cucumbers infection with powdery mildew and the light reflectance spectrum was found
in the green range of visible light around 550 nm. Disease-Water Stress Index-2 (DSWI-2),
Structure Intensive Pigment Index (SIPI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
are the most suitable indices for determining powdery mildew in cucumbers. New indices for
detection of powdery mildew have been created. None of the studied indices allows determining
the powdery mildew at the early stages of disease development when powdery mildew severity
is below 10%
Determination of tomato quality with hyperspectral imaging
Received: February 1st, 2023 ; Accepted: July 14th, 2023 ; Published: October 13th, 2023 ; Correspondence: [email protected] (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are a widely used vegetable in the human diet
throughout the year, both fresh and in various processed products. Tomatoes contain compounds
important to human health and are an important source of vitamins, antioxidants, and mineral
elements. Performing biochemical analyses is an expensive, environmentally unfriendly and
time-consuming process; therefore, a way to determine the biochemical composition of tomatoes
using non-destructive methods is being sought. The study includes 45 varieties of tomatoes with
different colors - red, pink, orange, brown, yellow, and bicolor tomato fruits. The content of dry
matter, soluble dry matter, titratable acidity, lycopene, β-carotene, total phenol, and flavonoids
was determined by standard biochemical procedure. Reflectance spectrums of tomato fruits were
obtained with Remote Sensing Portable Spectroradiometer RS-3500 (Ltd. Spectral Evolution,
Haverhill, MA, USA) at the wavelength 350–2,500 nm with a 1 nm interval. In order to determine
the content of various biochemical parameters in tomatoes, the vegetation indices found in the
literature were used, and new ones were developed. The research demonstrated that the developed
vegetative indices allow to detect lycopene and β-carotene content non-destructively. For the
determination of the dry matter, soluble solids and phenolic content, indices designed for
detecting water content can be used, but their correlation coefficients with chemical methods are
moderately high - 0.65, 0.56 and 0.57, respectively. It was found that the best correlation between
biochemically detected parameters and vegetation indices is for lycopene > β-carotene > dry
matter> total phenols = titratable acidity ≥ soluble solids > taste index > flavonoids
Comparison of lycopene and β-carotene content in tomatoes determined with chemical and non-destructive methods
ArticleTomatoes are one of the most popular vegetables due of their wide use as food.
Tomatoes are not only tasty fruit, but one of its benefits - high carotenoids content is well-known.
Non-destructive analyses methods are used more and more in different industries. It is cheaper,
faster and environmentally friendly way of analyse than traditional chemical methods. But these
methods need references to the traditional ones. The aim of this study was to find the correlation
between lycopene and β-carotene content in tomatoes determined with reflectance spectrometer
and extraction of pigments. Content of two carotenoids (lycopene and β-carotene) was determined
in 27 varieties of tomatoes. Red, pink, orange, yellow and brown fruits were included in
experiment. Reflectance spectrums of tomatoes fruits were obtained with remote sensing portable
spectroradiometer RS-3500 (Ltd.Spectral Evolution). Tetrahydrofuran was used for extraction of
pigments. Absorption spectra of extract were obtained by spectrophotometer UV-Vis -1800 (Ltd.
Shimadzu). Linear regression analyses were performed to correlate spectral data with lycopene
and β-carotene concentrations measured by pigment extraction. The best reflectance region for
lycopene spectral detection was 570 ± 5 nm, but for β-carotene 487 ± 5 nm. Reflectance indexes
for both pigments were worked out. High linear correlation (R2 > 0.9) between spectral
parameters and lycopene concentration was detected. Correlation between results obtained with
methods used for β-carotene determination was lower and depended of colour of tomatoes fruits
Lighting source as cause of changes in cucumbers’ physiology and morphology
The demand of fresh fruits and vegetables is growing. Therefore cultivation of them is
essential all year round. The growth in the dark period of a year is not imaginable without artificial
lighting sources. Therefore the experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of three
different lighting sources on the growth of cucumbers at the early stages of development. Plants
were grown in the polycarbonate greenhouse under three different lighting sources: Led cob Helle
top LED 280, induction lamp and high pressure sodium lamp Helle magna. Cucumbers were
grown in 16h photoperiod with PAR at the tips of plants 200 ± 20 µmol m-2
s
-1
. Plant growth
parameters, specific leaf area, pigments, phenols and flavonoids content in leaves, leaf light
reflection parameters were determined. Results showed that cucumber plants grown under Led
cob Helle top LED 280 in average were smaller, with less chlorophyll, carotenoids and phenols,
but leaves have higher chlorophyll a and b ratio and specific leaf area in comparison with
traditionally used in greenhouses High Presure Sodium Lamps (HPSL). Cucumber plants grown
under Induction lamp in average were shorter, but with larger leaf area, with higher chlorophyll
and carotenoids content, but decreased phenols content in comparison with HPSL. Lichtenthaler
index 1 (LIC1) and NDVI are useful for assessing the physiological state of cucumber plants.
Despite the fact that the plants grow well and develop normally under all lamps, the results show
that sodium lamps are the most suitable for cucumbers. Further research is needed to adjust LED
lighting for cucumber cultivation
Energy Saving Technologies
Th is book is an overview of existing Th eoretical background, Legal bases and best
practice examples on existing Energy Saving Technologies.
Chapter 1: Energy Saving Technologies in Generation,
Conversion of Electrical Energy
Th e overview of Energy Saving Technologies, and its application of practice
examples promoted by European strategies in power supply.
- cogeneration, traditional, DER
- effi cient control systems
- smart metering concept
Chapter 2: Energy Saving Technologies in Transmission,
Distribution of Electrical Energy
Th e technological overview for energy transmission, distribution, such as: fl exible
AC transmission systems, DC transmission systems, effi cient control and metering
system.
Chapter 3: Energy Saving Technologies: in Industry
Th e overview of Electric drives as Energy Saving Technologies are given in
particular: optimal selection of electric motor power and application of frequencyregulated
electric drives are described as well as SCADA system application;
monitoring of unauthorised connections.
Chapter 4: Energy Saving Technologies: in Public and Private Sector
Th e technological overview of effi cient lighting, energy consumption by
transport, street lighting system as a practical example of energy saving technologies.
Chapter 5: Legal Bases on Existing Energy Saving Technologies
Th e overview of EU Directives on Energy Effi ciency, on Promotion of the use of
energy Energy Eff ective Lighting, and Energy Performance of Buildings Directive are
described; the main concept and application areas as well as benefi ts from using those
concepts are described in the chapter