PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN KERJA DAN REWARD TERHADAP MOTIVASI KERJA KARYAWAN DIVISI SENJATA PADA PT. PINDAD (PERSERO) KOTA BANDUNG

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan adanya permasalahan motivasi kerja karyawan kurang efektif yang disebabkan oleh lingkungan kerja yang kurang memadai dan reward yang belum sesuai dengan standar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lingkungan kerja dan reward terhadap motivasi karyawan pada PT. Pindad Persero Divisi Senjata Kota Bandung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dan verifikatif. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah probability sampling dengan jumlah sample 81 responden. Teknik pegumpulan data yang digunakan adalah penelitian lapangan dan penelitian kepustakaan. Metode analisi data yang digunakan adalah method of successive interval, analisis regresi berganda, korelasi berganda dan koefisien determinasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat pegaruh positif dan signifikan antara lingkungan kerja dan reward terhadap motivasi kerja karyawan pada PT. Pindad Persero Divisi Senjata Kota Bandung baik secara simultan maupun parsial. Besarnya pengaruh lingkungan kerja dan reward terhadap motivasi kerja karyawan pada PT. Pindad Persero Divisi Senjata Kota Bandung secara simultan sebesar 63,8% dan sisanya 36,2% dipengaruhi variabel lain yang tidak diteliti. Secara parsial besarnya pengaruh lingkungan kerja terhadap motivasi kerja karyawan sebesar 40,4% dan pengaruh reward terhadap motivasi kerja karyawan sebesar 23,4%, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa lingkungan kerja yang memberikan pengaruh paling besar terhadap motivasi kerja karyawan. Kata Kunci : Lingkungan Kerja, Reward dan Motivasi Kerj

Antiretroviral resistance in individuals presenting therapeutic failure and subtypes of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the Northeast Region of Brazil

This study aimed to analyze human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mutation profiles related to antiretroviral resistance following therapeutic failure, and the distribution of hiv subtypes in the Northeast Region of Brazil. A total of 576 blood samples from AIDS patients presenting therapeutic failure between 2002 and 2004 were analyzed. The genotyping kit viroSeq® was used to perform viral amplification in order to identify mutations related to hiv pol gene resistance. An index of 91.1% of the patients presented mutations for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrti), 58.7% for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrti), and 94.8% for protease inhibitors (pi). The most prevalent mutations were 184V and 215E for nrti, 103N and 190A for nnrti. Most mutations associated with PIs were secondary, but significant frequencies were observed in codons 90 (25.2%), 82 (21.1%), and 30 (16.2%). The resistance index to one class of antiretrovirals was 14%, to two classes of antiretrovirals 61%, and to three classes 18.9%. Subtype B was the most prevalent (82.4%) followed by subtype F (11.8%). The prevalence of mutations related to nrti and nnrti was the same in the two subtypes, but codon analysis related to PI showed a higher frequency of mutations in codon 63 in subtype B and in codon 36 in subtype F. The present study showed that there was a high frequency of primary mutations, which offered resistance to nrti and nnrti. Monitoring patients with treatment failure is an important tool for aiding physicians in rescue therapy

Linfangioleiomiomatose pulmonar Pulmonary Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Linfangioleiomiomatose pulmonar (LAM) é uma doença rara, de etiologia desconhecida, que basicamente afeta mulheres jovens no período fértil de sua vida. Clinicamente, manifesta-se através de dispnéia progressiva, pneumotórax de repetição, tosse seca e, menos freqüentemente, por quilotórax e escarros hemoptóicos. Essas alterações surgem devido à proliferação anormal de células de músculo liso no parênquima pulmonar, linfonodos e em outros tecidos. Mais recentemente, estudos citogenéticos verificaram a presença de mutações do gene TSC-2 em células de angiomiolipoma renal e linfonodos abdominais de pacientes com LAM, indicando uma possível origem para as lesões hamartomatosas da doença. Radiologicamente, caracteriza-se pela presença de infiltrado intersticial reticulonodular e sinais de hiperinsuflação ao radiografia de tórax. Na tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução, cistos de paredes finas, localizados centralmente, são visibilizados por todo o parênquima do pulmão. O ultrassom e a tomografia de abdome podem revelar angiomiolipomas renais e linfonodomegalias retroperitoneais. Meningeomas também podem estar associados, porém a sua presença deve sempre levar à pesquisa de esclerose tuberosa. Funcionalmente, a doença caracteriza-se por um distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo, de caráter progressivo, com hiperinsuflação pulmonar e diminuição da difusão de monóxido de carbono. Apesar da ausência de comprovação quanto à eficácia, o principal tratamento utilizado ainda é o anti-estrogênico e constitui-se de oofarectomia, progesterona contínua, tamoxifeno e análogos de GnRH. Além desse, a realização de transplantes pulmonares tem elevado para além de dez anos a sobrevida média das pacientes.<br>Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare lung disease of unkwnon etiology that frequently affects women in childbearing age. Clinically it manifests itself by and pneumothorax. Chylous pleural effusions and hemoptisis occur less frenquently. All these fenomena results from the abnormal smooth muscle proliferation in the lung parenchima. Lymph-nodes, small airways and blood vessels. More recently cytogenetic studies disclosed mutations of the TSC-2 gene in cells of renal angiomyolipoma and/or abdominal lymph nodes, pointing towards a possible origin of the hamartomatous lesions. Chest radiography may appear normal or yield reticulonodular infiltrates and signs of hyperinsuflation. At HRCT scans, multiple thin-walled cysts can be seen over the lung parenchyma. Abdominal imaging by either ultrasound or CT may show renal angiomyolipomas and retroperitoneal lymph node enlargement. Meningeomas may also be associated but their presence requires testing for tuberous sclerosis complex. Physiologically LAM is characterized by progressive airflow obstruction, air trapping and gastransfer impairment. Estrogenic suppression with either oophorectomy, deposit progestogens, tamoxifen and GnRh analogs, is still the main treatment. In addition to this therapy lung transplantations have increased patients median survival rates by more than ten years