Extracción y caracterización de pectina a partir de residuos de cáscaras de piña (ananas comosus) por el método de hidrólisis ácida

imágenes, encuestaCon el desarrollo de este proyecto aplicado denominado extracción y caracterización de pectina a partir de residuos de cascaras de piña (Ananas Comosus) por el método de hidrólisis ácida, se buscó una alternativa para aprovechamiento de los residuos de cascará de piña generados por la venta de este fruto, aplicando la técnica de extracción de pectina por hidrólisis ácida. El trabajo se realizó tomando muestras de cascará de piña del sector las Mercedes en el corredor vial entre Villavicencio y Acacias en el departamento del Meta, donde se encontró un total de 9 puntos de venta ambulantes los cuelas general en promedio 14.11 Kg de cascará /día, se empleó un diseño experimental 22 para el proceso de extracción de pectina con la combinación de variables de temperatura y tiempo donde se encontró que el factor determinante en la extracción de pectina por hidrólisis ácida es la temperatura dando un mejor rendimiento a 90°C. Para el proceso de extracción y caracterización de la pectina a partir de cascara de piña se empleó equipos como balanza analítica Sartorius, agitador magnético Hetich, pH metro Hanna, Horno convencional Memmert, Bureta digital Brand de 25 ml, refractómetro de mano, materiales como vasos de precipitado de diferentes volúmenes, pipetas de 5 y 10 ml, probetas diferentes volúmenes, cuchillo, tabla plástica, embudo, vidrio de reloj, espátula y reactivos como ácido clorhídrico al 37%, hidróxido de sodio, fenolftaleína, etanol al 96%, agua destilada. El proceso de extracción y caracterización fisicoquímica de la pectina obtenida a partir de cascará de piña se realizó en el laboratorio multipropósito 1 de la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia Nodo Acacias, donde se obtuvo resultados como los siguientes: rendimiento de extracción de 1.15%, grado esterificación de 45.324, solidos solubles de 0,366 °Brix, una acidez titulable de 0.0768 gr de ácido cítrico/100 ml y una viscosidad de 83.324 Cp. Los resultados se compararon con una muestra de pectina cítrica ligera de alto metoxilo comercial con la cual se pudo concluir que la pectina obtenida a partir de la cascará de la piña corresponde a una pectina de bajo metoxilo teniendo en cuenta la diferencia en el resultado de grado de esterificación para las dos pectinas.Development of this applied project called extraction and characterization of pectin from pineapple peel residues (Ananas Comosus) by the acid hydrolysis method. Searched an alternative use pineapple peel waste generated when this fruit was selling, applying the technique of pectin extraction by acid hydrolysis. The project was carried out taking samples of pineapple peel from Las Mercedes site on the road between Villavicencio and Acacías in the Meta department, where were found a total of 9 sale places and which generate an average of 14.11 kg of peel/day. An experimental design 22 was used for the pectin extraction process with the combination of temperature and time variables where it was found that the determining factor in the extraction of pectin by acid hydrolysis and the temperature which gives a better product is at 90°C. Equipment for the extraction process and characterization of pectin from pineapple peel were; Sartorius analytical balance, Hettich magnetic stirrer, Hanna pH meter, Memmert conventional oven, Brand digital burette 25 ml, hand refractometer, materials such as beakers of different volumes, 5 and 10 ml pipettes, different volume specimens, knife, plastic cutting board, funnel, watch glass, spatula and reagents such as hydrochloric acid 37%, sodium hydroxide, phenolphthalein, ethanol 96%, distilled water. The extraction process and physicochemical characterization of pectin obtained from pineapple peel were carried out in the multipurpose laboratory 1 at the National Open University and Distance, Acacías Node. Where results such as the following were obtained: extraction yield 1.15%, esterification grade 45,324, soluble solids 0,366° Brix, a titratable acidity 0.0768gr of citric acid/100ml and a viscosity of 83,324Cp. Results were compared with a sample of light citrus pectin of high commercial methoxyl, which it could be concluded that the pectin obtained from the pineapple peel corresponds to low methoxyl pectin taking into account the difference in the grade result of esterification for the 2 pectins

μ-1,2-Di-4-pyridylethane-κ2 N:N′-bis­[bis­(N,N-diisopropyl­dithio­carbamato-κ2 S,S′)zinc(II)]

In the dinuclear title compound, [Zn{S2CN(n-Pr)2}2{(NC5H4)CH2CH2(C5H4N)}] or [Zn2(C7H14NS2)4(C12H12N2)], each Zn atom adopts a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal ZnNS4 geometry. The crystal structure involves intermolecular C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds

Exploring Counselor Educator Dispositions Related to Teaching

This study explores students’ preferences for counselor educator (CE) teaching dispositions. Forty-eight counselor education students completed a Q sort and answered post-sort qualitative questions. The study found four types of student preferences: a focus on experiential teaching, a focus on content and affect orientation, a focus on the educator-student relationship, and a focus on developing clinical skills. Also among the findings are a set of items that were unanimously unimportant to the participants: CE engagement in research and gatekeeping. These preferences are situated within the scholarship of teaching and learning and evidence-based practices in counselor education. Practical and research implications are shared

The Role of Clinical Supervision in Treating Clients with Antisocial Personality Disorder

Clinicians often have negative attitudes toward clients diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), which can sabotage treatment and lead to clinician burnout and job dissatisfaction. Researchers recommend clinicians receive regular clinical supervision; however, clinical supervision strategies and models related to working with ASPD are lacking. We identify supervisors’ primary task as exploring and improving clinicians’ attitudes toward clients having ASPD and examine this task within the discrimination model of clinical supervision. A case study is offered as an illustration for how to approach working with ASPD in supervision

Metodología de terreno para apoyar la evaluación del contenido de salmueras de litio y potasio en cuencas salinas

Recientes avances en la tecnología de baterías ha provocado un incremento en la demanda y en el interés por depósitos de salmueras ricos en litio en Argentina. Junto con el contenido de litio, el potasio es un importante sub-producto comercializable para la industria de la agricultura. Con el apoyo de Galaxy Lithium, Montgomery & Associates ha desarrollado una metodología sistemática para determinar las propiedades físico-químicas del acuífero necesarias para evaluar los depósitos de salmueras. Estos métodos incluyen diversos análisis de laboratorio de muestras de testigos, muestreos de salmueras a diferentes profundidades, perfiles de conductividad eléctrica, muestreos de bombeos de bajo caudal, y pruebas de bombeo de corta y larga duración. Los buenos resultados obtenidos del análisis de los diversos métodos utilizados en las labores de campo, han permitido obtener un grado de confiabilidad más que satisfactorio en el desarrollo del modelo conceptual y en el plan de mina y extracción.Recent advances in battery technology has brought upon an increased demand and interest in li thium-rich brine deposits in Argentina. In addition to lithium contained in these deposits, potassium is an important and saleable by-product for the agricultural industry. With the support of Galaxy Lithium, Montgomery & Associates has developed a systematic approach for understanding the aquifer and chemical properties required to evaluate brine deposits. These methods include several different laboratory analyses for core samples, depth-specific brine sampling, downhole electrical conductivity measurements, low flow sampling, and short- and long-term aquifer tests. Good agreement of results from the various methods used in the field has resulted in a large degree of confidence in the conceptual model and future mining and extraction plan.Universidad Nacional de La Plat

The glutamine synthetase gene family in Populus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Glutamine synthetase (GS; EC: 6.3.1.2, L-glutamate: ammonia ligase ADP-forming) is a key enzyme in ammonium assimilation and metabolism of higher plants. The current work was undertaken to develop a more comprehensive understanding of molecular and biochemical features of <it>GS </it>gene family in poplar, and to characterize the developmental regulation of <it>GS </it>expression in various tissues and at various times during the poplar perennial growth.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The <it>GS </it>gene family consists of 8 different genes exhibiting all structural and regulatory elements consistent with their roles as functional genes. Our results indicate that the family members are organized in 4 groups of duplicated genes, 3 of which code for cytosolic GS isoforms (GS1) and 1 which codes for the choroplastic GS isoform (GS2). Our analysis shows that <it>Populus trichocarpa </it>is the first plant species in which it was observed the complete <it>GS </it>family duplicated. Detailed expression analyses have revealed specific spatial and seasonal patterns of <it>GS </it>expression in poplar. These data provide insights into the metabolic function of GS isoforms in poplar and pave the way for future functional studies.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our data suggest that <it>GS </it>duplicates could have been retained in order to increase the amount of enzyme in a particular cell type. This possibility could contribute to the homeostasis of nitrogen metabolism in functions associated to changes in glutamine-derived metabolic products. The presence of duplicated <it>GS </it>genes in poplar could also contribute to diversification of the enzymatic properties for a particular GS isoform through the assembly of GS polypeptides into homo oligomeric and/or hetero oligomeric holoenzymes in specific cell types.</p

Triple configuration coexistence in 44 S

The neutron-rich N=28 nucleus S44 was studied using the two-proton knockout reaction from Ar46 at intermediate beam energy. We report the observation of four new excited states, one of which is a strongly prolate deformed 4 + state, as indicated by a shell-model calculation. Its deformation originates in a neutron configuration which is fundamentally different from the "intruder" configuration responsible for the ground-state deformation. Consequently, we do not have three coexisting shapes in S44, but three coexisting configurations, corresponding to zero-, one-, and two-neutron particle-hole excitations. � 2011 American Physical Society