Flow experience and interaction in online gaming. Comparative study of Russian and Chinese MUD players

Abstract. Flow experience (as introduced by M.Csikszentmihalyi) and patterns of\ud interactive behavior were investigated in an online surveys administered within\ud samples of Russian (N = 347) and Chinese (N = 133) online role-playing gamers.\ud Three main hypotheses were stated: (1) both Russian and Chinese MUD players\ud experience flow; (2) flow is positively correlated with interaction patterns for both\ud Russian and Chinese samples of MUD players; (3) patterns of flow experience\ud and interaction patterns characteristic for the Russian and the Chinese samples of\ud MUD players differ. All the hypotheses proved to be true. The following methods\ud of data analysis were used: comparative demography, path analysis, explorative\ud and confirmatory factor analyses. The paper presents the full results of the study\ud and justification of the hypotheses.\ud \ud <br />\ud <br />\ud \ud Résumé. L’expérience optimale (le ‘flow’, tel que l’introduit M.Csikszentmihalyi)\ud et les schémas interactifs de comportement ont fait l’objet d’une investigation\ud dans des études en ligne auprès d’un public engagé dans des jeux de rôle : Russe\ud (N=347) et Chinois (N = 133). On avance les hypothèses principales : (1) les\ud joueurs russes comme les chinois vivent une expérience optimale (2) le ‘flow’ est\ud corrélé positivement avec les schémas d’interaction pour les joueurs russes et\ud chinois (3) il y a des différences entre les Russes et les Chinois pour les schémas\ud de l’expérience optimale et les caractéristiques des interactions. Toutes les\ud hypothèses se sont avérées exactes. Nous avons utilisé les méthodes d’analyse\ud suivantes : comparaison démographique, analyse des choix opérés, analyse des\ud facteurs pour l’exploration et la confirmation. Cet article présente les résultats de\ud ces travaux et justifie les hypothèses

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of itepekimab in adults with moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis: Results from two terminated phase II trials

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a proinflammatory alarmin cytokine released by damaged epithelial tissue cells that initiates and amplifies both type 1 and type 2 inflammatory cascades. A role for IL-33 in atopic dermatitis (AD; a chronic, relapsing type 2 inflammatory disease of the skin) has been proposed. Itepekimab is a novel human IgG4P monoclonal antibody against IL-33, currently in clinical development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Two global phase II studies—a dose-ranging itepekimab monotherapy study (NCT03738423) and a proof-of-concept study of itepekimab alone and in combination with dupilumab (NCT03736967)—were conducted in patients with moderate-to-severe AD to assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy; both studies were terminated following an interim analysis of the proof-of-concept study, which failed to demonstrate the efficacy of itepekimab. In these two studies, itepekimab exhibited linear and dose-proportional pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics of total IL-33 indicated that itepekimab saturated binding to the target in serum at 300 mg q2w and q4w doses, and decreased blood eosinophil counts. Concentration–time profiles of itepekimab and total IL-33 were similar for itepekimab with or without dupilumab, and between East Asian and non-East Asian subgroups. Itepekimab was generally well tolerated, both alone and in combination with dupilumab. The lack of clinical efficacy for itepekimab observed in these studies suggests that IL-33 may not be a key pathogenic driver in moderate-to-severe AD

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