A proximidade de um parque paleontológico estimulando o conhecimento entre estudantes da educação básica brasileira

Este trabalho aborda o ensino de Paleontologia na Educação Básica Brasileira. O objetivo principal do estudo foi investigar se a proximidade da escola de um parque paleontológico - com todas as possibilidades educativas que daí possa advir - poderia resultar em maiores conhecimentos sobre paleontologia. A metodologia empregada caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa levantamento quantitativa e exploratória. Foram aplicados questionários sobre conhecimentos básicos e os resultados obtidos sugerem que a proximidade do parque influenciou nos conhecimentos paleontológicos dos estudantes. São discutidas e sugeridas formas de utilização do parque com um efetivo espaço não formal para o ensino e aprendizagem de conceitos paleontológicos

A New Idea for Stroke Rehabilitation : Bilateral Transfer Analysis from Healthy Hand to the Paretic One with a Randomized and Controlled Trial

Background: Bilateral transfer of a motor skill is a phenomenon according to which, one hand can "teach" a skill to the other hand. In this research, controlled and randomized, we tested the ability of bilateral transfer (BT) to improve the coordination of the paretic hand in patients that suffered a stroke, with the aim of restricting the field for further research on the impact of BT in rehabilitation, we analyzed the differences in the expression of BT phenomenon among sexes and side of hemyparesis. Methods: 34 right-handed patients, at the end of the rehabilitation period, were randomly divided into two groups: test and control. They all had a stroke in a single hemisphere in the previous six months and they were selected by a physical examination, the time elapsed from the stroke and cognitive requirements. The experiment consisted in training the healthy hand of each patient from the test group to execute the nine hole peg test (NHPT) 10 times a day, for 3 consecutive days, and then test the paretic hand with the same test and with bimanual tasks. The control group was not trained but went through the same analysis. Results: In the test group we found that the execution speed of NHPT with the paretic hand, after training the healthy hand, was on average 22.6% faster than the value recorded at baseline. Meanwhile, no significant difference was found in the control group. The analysis showed a greater impact of BT among male patients, who were in average 31% faster than controls, and in non dominant paretic hands, that were 30% faster after training. Conclusions: BT was present in hemiparethic patients with moderate stroke after a short time span, it was more evident among male subjects, and from the dominant hand to the paretic non-dominant one

Shark fossil diversity (Squalomorphii, Squatinomorphii, and Galeomorphii) from the Langhian of Brielas (Lower Tagus Basin, Portugal)

The fossiliferous marine Miocene sediments of the Lower Tagus Basin (Portugal) present a great diversity of Chondrichthyes forms. The current study focuses on the fossil sharks from the Langhian Vc unit of the Brielas section, located in the Setúbal Peninsula. A total of 384 isolated fossil teeth were analysed and ascribed to 17 species from the Orders Hexanchiformes, Squaliformes, Squatiniformes, Lamniformes, and Carcharhiniformes. Centrophorus granulosus and Iago angustidens are described for the first time in Portuguese sediments, whereas Pachyscyllium dachiardii and Rhizoprionodon ficheuri represent only their second reported occurrence. Galeorhinus goncalvesi was already known from the Portuguese uppermost Miocene (Alvalade Basin), but it is now recognized in older sediments. Furthermore, the new material seems to include the first reported occurrence of Hexanchus cf. agassizi in Miocene sediments. As a whole, these new findings support the previous palaeoenvironment characterization of a warm infralittoral setting gradually deepening to a circalittoral one, where seasonal upwelling phenomena could have occurred

New perspectives in the use of biomaterials for periodontal regeneration

Periodontitis is a disease with a high prevalence among adults. If not treated, it can lead to loss of teeth. Periodontal therapy aims at maintaining patient's teeth through infection control and correction of non-maintainable anatomies including-when possible-regeneration of lost periodontal tissues. The biological regenerative potential of the periodontium is high, and several biomaterials can be utilized to improve the outcome of periodontal therapy. Use of different natural and synthetic materials in the periodontal field has been studied for many years. The main materials used today in periodontology analyzed in this review are: Resorbable and non-resorbable barrier membranes; autogenous, allogeneic, xenogeneic, and alloplastic bone substitutes; biological agents, such as amelogenins; platelet-derived growth factor; bone morphogenic proteins; rh fibroblast growth factor 2; teriparatide hormone; platelet concentrates; and 3D scaffolds. With the development of new surgical techniques some concepts on periodontal regeneration that were strictly applied in the past seem to be not so critical today. This can have an impact on the materials that are needed when attempting to regenerate lost periodontal structures. This review aims at presenting a rationale behind the use of biomaterials in modern periodontal regeneration

Access flap and osseous resective surgery: indications and operative procedures|Chirurgia conservativa e ossea resettiva: indicazioni e step operativi

The aim of the narrative review pre-sented in this Module is to illustrate the indications and the operative steps of modern non regenerative periodontal surgical techniques with particular focus on osseous resective surgery. The authors made a selection of the available scientific literature from classic articles to the most current trends, in order to provide the scientific basis and to guide the clinician in choosing the correct surgical approach. The clinical practice guidelines (S3 lev-el) for treatment of stage I-III periodontitis published by the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP), in 2020, give an indication for osseous resective surgery in cases with deep residual pockets (PD ≥6 mm) in patients with stage III periodontitis after an adequate non-surgical therapy has been com-pleted, keeping in mind the potential risk of increase in gingival recession af-ter this type of procedure. In fact, osseous resective surgery modifies the bony support altered by periodontal disease through reshaping of the alveolar process without removing supporting bone or through the removal of part of the alveolar bone. The aim of this surgical technique is to obtain minimal probing depths and positive osseous and gingival architecture, that will allow and ease the patient in performing correct oral hygiene maneuvers. The present review describes the operative steps of the technique, starting from an accurate presurgical evalua-tion that will consider quality and quantity of the keratinized tissue, probing depth and anatomy. The incision and flap decision are carefully described, flap elevation is made, and through os-teoplasty and ostectomy maneuvers the profile of the hard tissues is re-shaped to obtain positive osseous ar-chitecture in a more apical position compared to the presurgical condition. Finally, the soft tissues are repositioned apically or at the bone crest. A modification to traditional osseous resective surgery is that of osseous surgery with fibre retention. This technique allows for a more conservative approach and can reduce post-surgi-cal recession and discomfort for the patient. It is based on the notion that supra crestal connective tissue fibres embedded into radicular cement are always present (even in diseased peri-odontium) on average about 1 to 2 mm coronally to the base of the defect. For this reason, through this ap-proach, the base of the defect is no longer made of mineralized tissue but it’s moved coronally at the level of the connective tissue attachment. The coronal shift of the most apical portion of the defect allows for a more conservative osseous resection. In conclusion, osseous resective surgery is a very effective surgical procedure in the elimination of periodontal pockets. Today it is used mostly to treat shallow intraosseous defects in non esthetic areas and in perio-prosthetic cases (such as clinical crown lengthening procedures). Having a good understanding of the rationale and of the operative steps of this surgical technique constitute the basis of every periodontal surgery

Consolidated principles and modern approaches for non surgical periodontal treatment|Principi consolidati e approcci moderni nella terapia parodontale non chirurgica della parodontite

Non-surgical periodontal therapy is the treatment that aims at removal of the etiological and risk factors of periodontitis, with the aim of preventing further damage to the periodontium and im­proving the clinical condition of the patient suffering from periodontitis. It consists of several phases, which include the plaque control, the professional removal of bacterial plaque and its retentive factors in the supragingival and subgingival areas. The purpose of this narrative review is to illustrate, in the light of the current guidelines for the treatment of periodontitis, the essential steps to obtain the preservation or restoration of a healthy periodontal condition. The patient’s plaque control is one of the fundamental aspects of periodontal therapy and strongly affects its short and long-term success. There are different ways to obtain the patient’s collaboration and his active participation in therapy, the so-called adherence. This process must be accompanied with personalized, effective and achievable oral hygiene measures. The main characteristics of the tools for plaque control are illustrated (manual or electric toothbrushes, dental floss or interproxi­mal brush etc.) and their indications to guide dental professionals in the choice of suggestions to the patient. For the removal of the supra and subgingival plaque, the principles are illus­trated according to a modern orienta­tion of mini-invasiveness. Manual or mechanical instruments, micro-powder jets, have precise characteristics that are illustrated to help understanding the advantages and disadvantages or limitations of each of them. Historically, the use of curettes was associated with the removal of large amounts of root cement, which was believed to be colonized by bacteria and toxins. The current orientation involves the removal of plaque and calculus (because it is re­tentive of plaque), without intentional removal of the root cement. The instruments, in the light of different objectives, take on other functions, with often integrated therapies performed with the different tools to optimize the advantages of each of them. Mechanical tools are efficient means for remov­ing supragingival calculus and can be used, with the right precautions for use, even in the subgingival area where they are effective, especially in areas that are difficult to access. Additional therapies are illustrated, in accordance with the literature, if they produce an effective advantage over non-surgical periodontal therapy alone, recommending the most appropriate conditions and timing. The objectives of non-surgical periodontal therapy are also illustrated, such as the reduction of plaque indexes, inflammation and the probing depth, necessary to achieve the stability of periodontal health. The objectives of the therapy also include an improvement in the quality of life perceived by the patient, who shortly after execution shows less discomfort and better masticatory function. Finally, the limits of non-surgical periodontal therapy are clarified which, while obtaining sub­stantial improvements in the patient’s clinical condition by itself, must be integrated into a broader program of periodontal therapy, sometimes including also surgical phases, and is always fol­lowed by periodontal support therapy that aims at long-term maintenance

Periodontal diagnosis and AAP-EFP 2017 CLASSIFICATION|Diagnosi parodontale e classificazione AAP-EFP 2017

ERIODONTAL DIAGNOSIS In the light of a recent opinion poll carried out on behalf of the Italian Society of Periodontology and Implantology (SIdP), the need to consolidate the inclusion of periodontal diagnosis, as a routine component, in the dental examination appears essential. The related diagnostic process is based on information obtained from medical and dental history, clinical, radiographic and laboratory tests. The purposes of this procedure are: to evaluate the presence of periodontal diseases, the related risk factors, and to quantify the severity and extent of the induced tissue damage. In periodontology the diagnostic process is indicated by the term “periodontal evaluation” and consists of three parts: clinical examination, radiographic exams and laboratory diagnostic tests; in turn, the clinical examination involves the collection of the anam nesis and the physical examination with the compilation of a special periodontal charting. In particular, during the visit, three types of anamnesis are collected: physiological, medical and dental/periodontal ones; then the execution of the physical examination involves the completion of: intraoral inspection, periodontal probing, registration of periodontal indices, periodontal phenotype evaluation, dental mobility, teeth migrations and occlusal analysis. Specifically, periodontal probing is an essential clinical procedure in the diagnostic path of periodontal diseases allowing evaluation of tissue destruction and the differential diagnosis between gingivitis and periodontitis, by means of periodontal biometric parameters. Periodontal evaluation implies, after the physical examination, the execution of radiographic exams; the rx techniques commonly used are three: intraoral radiographs, orthopantomography and computed tomography. The elective method is intraoral radiography which, in patients with suspected periodontitis with pathological probing depths and loss of clinical attachment in multiple dental sites, results in the execution of a complete systematic intraoral radiographic examination. The laboratory tests complete the periodontal evaluation; they are divided into two broad categories, generic and specific: the former assess the patient’s systemic conditions on the basis of anamnestic histories, the second, optional, is divided into microbiological, genetic, immune and biochemical. CLASSIFICATION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES In the joint American Academy of Periodontology and European Federation of Periodontology World Workshop in 2017, a new classification was introduced to update the pre-existing one from 1999, adapting it to the evolution of scientific evidence and overcoming some unresolved issues. The main innovations include: the introduction of peri-implant diseases, a clear definition of gingival health at a histological and clinical level, the distinction of gingivitis into only two cat egories based on the presence or absence of bacterial biofilm, the abolition of a distinction between chronic and aggressive periodontitis and the adoption of a multilevel framework of staging and grading of periodontitis, the replacement of the terms occlusal trauma and biological width with those of traumatic occlusal force and supracrestal attached tissue respectively, a new classification of gingival recessions. In this Module we analyze in detail the World Workshop proceedings regarding biofilm-inducted gingivitis and periodontitis, from the definition of health and related clinical cases, to the staging and grading mode