64 research outputs found

    A plot drainage network as a conceptual tool for the spatial representation of surface flow pathways in agricultural catchments

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    International audienceThe drainage network must take the farming systems and the landscape structure into consideration to describe flow pathways in the agricultural catchment. A new approach is proposed to build the drainage network which is based on the identification of the inlets and outlets for surface water flow on each farmers' field (or plot), estimating the relative areas contributing to the surface yield. The delineation of these areas and their links in terms of surface flow pathways provides us with a pattern of relationships between individual plots, i.e. going from each plot to the other plots over the entire catchment. In this approach, flow directions are firstly calculated in the usual way by taking account of slope direction. Plot outlets are defined from the DEM then linked together using a tree structure. If present, linear networks such as hedges modify both the flow directions and the location of plot outlets, hence modify this tree structure. In a final step, the plots are themselves linked together using a graph structure illustrated by an arrow diagram. This drainage network based on plot outlets is applied to a 15-kmÂČ catchment area represented by 38,300 pixels and 2,000 plots. This new drainage network takes into consideration 5,300 plot outlets, which greatly reduces the number of objects in comparison with a drainage network made up of pixels or DEM cells. This method leads to a simple and functional representation of surface flow pathways in an agricultural catchment. It allows us to identify the key plots controlling stream water pollution where converging flow pathways are coming from numerous or large-sized plots. Finally it produces a functional representation for decision support

    SynthÚse nationale des analyses de terre réalisées entre 1990 et 1994 : II. descriptions statistique et cartographique de la variabilité des horizons de surface des sols cultivés

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    International audienceA database at a canton level has been established in France using the analytical results from 297 000 samples of the upper horizon of cultivated soils, collected from 1990 to 1994. Several determinations (particle size distribution, organic matter, pH, Cation Exchange Capacity, exchangeable cations, available phosphorus and trace elements), analysed for fertilisation purposes, are concerned. The variability within a canton is described for each determination through robust statistical parameters (median, quartiles and deciles). Approximately 2000 cantons, the best sampled within the 3511 existing, could be considered. The data are first statistically described at the national and the canton levels to compare the variability observed within a relatively small area against the overall variability : the variability within a canton, in comparison with the general one, appears higher for properties influenced by fertilisation than for others. The cartographic representation indicates for all properties the existence of long range spatial structures, even for properties with high local variability. These structures appear correlated to geological or pedological variations, to different climatic zones, or to agricultural production systems changes. The approach developed in this work, based on the collecting and the analysis of existing data, describes the spatial variability of crucial soil properties over large areas ; indications on their temporal evolution can also be obtained by comparison of datasets from different periods. So, this approach appears to be an interesting assessment tool of the soil cover, complementary to experimental and survey studies.Une base de donnĂ©es cantonale a Ă©tĂ© construite par traitement statistique des rĂ©sultats analytiques portant sur 297 000 Ă©chantillons d’horizons de surface de sols cultivĂ©s, prĂ©levĂ©s en France entre 1990 et 1994. Plusieurs dĂ©terminations agronomiques usuelles (granulomĂ©trie, pH, matiĂšre organique, calcaire, CEC, cations Ă©changeables, phosphore extractible, oligo-Ă©lĂ©ments) sont prises en compte. Leur distribution est dĂ©crite pour environ 2 000 cantons suffisamment renseignĂ©s parmi les 3 511 existants. Les donnĂ©es sont d’abord dĂ©crites conjointement aux niveaux national et cantonal pour comparer leur variabilitĂ© Ă  ces deux Ă©chelles : rĂ©fĂ©rĂ©e Ă  la variabilitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©rale, la variabilitĂ© intra-cantonale apparaĂźt plus importante pour les propriĂ©tĂ©s influencĂ©es par l’activitĂ© humaine que pour les autres. La reprĂ©sentation cartographique Ă  partir de critĂšres statistiques montre nĂ©anmoins des structures spatiales de grande portĂ©e, y compris pour les propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă  forte variabilitĂ© locale. Ces structures apparaissent liĂ©es, selon les propriĂ©tĂ©s et les rĂ©gions, Ă  des variations gĂ©ologiques et/ou pĂ©dologiques, Ă  des gradients climatiques, ou encore aux systĂšmes de production agricole. L’approche par enquĂȘte, fondĂ©e sur la collecte et l’analyse de donnĂ©es existantes, donne ainsi des indications sur la variabilitĂ© de propriĂ©tĂ©s du sol au sein de vastes territoires ; elle permet Ă©galement l’étude de son Ă©volution Ă©ventuelle par la comparaison de jeux de donnĂ©es acquis Ă  des dates diffĂ©rentes. Il s’agit donc d’un outil de connaissance sur les sols complĂ©mentaire des approches expĂ©rimentales ou de cartographie pĂ©dologique

    Measurement of the charge asymmetry in top-quark pair production in the lepton-plus-jets final state in pp collision data at s=8 TeV\sqrt{s}=8\,\mathrm TeV{} with the ATLAS detector

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    ATLAS Run 1 searches for direct pair production of third-generation squarks at the Large Hadron Collider

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    Agrégation des paramÚtres et bases mathématiques de combinatoire de facteurs de risque

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    Alocrisols (2 references)

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    Le phosphore dans l'environnement. SynthÚse des deux journées.

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    La question du phosphore est devenue depuis quelques annĂ©es en France une question environnementale majeure. Cela tient Ă  plusieurs Ă©volutions : - le principe de l’équilibre de fertilisation prĂ©sent dans la directive europĂ©enne "Nitrate" a Ă©tĂ© jusqu’ici principalement invoquĂ© dans la rĂšglementation française pour les notrates et peu pour le phosphore, alors que d’autres pays europĂ©ens l’ont prĂ©cocement introduit dans leur rĂšglementation ; - le dĂ©veloppement des phĂ©nomĂšnes d’eutrophisation des eaux douces, avec en particulier des blooms de cyanobactĂ©ries, a contribuĂ© Ă  attirer l’attention sur les flux et les concentrations de phosphore ; - le rĂŽle du phosphore dans certains impacts environnementaux cĂŽtiers et en particulier dans certaines dystrophies phytoplanctoniques, mĂȘme s’il est loin d’ĂȘtre aussi manifeste que dans le cas des eaux douces. Tout cela conduit Ă  repositionner la question du phosphore au centre des prĂ©occupations environnementales. Et il en rĂ©sulte d’ores et dĂ©jĂ  des Ă©volutions dans diffĂ©rents documents rĂšglementaires. Il nous a donc semblĂ© important d’organiser un sĂ©minaire sur cette question, la premiĂšre jounrĂ©e Ă  Paris Ă  l’Institut ocĂ©anographique, la seconde Ă  Rennes dans le cadre du Carrefour des gestions locales de l’eau
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