Most Popular Water Resource In Than Gaing Village, Pwintphyu Township, Magway Region, Myanmar

Understanding community resource consumption is the key to development of communities. This study aim to understand which water resources are frequently relied upon and used by households in Than Gaing Village, Pwintphyu Township, Magway Region, Myanmar. This study is intended to identify most popular use of water-resources in Than Gaing. The descriptive study deign conducted by surveying 147 households in the community. The collected data was calculated with basic statistic and identify the natures of households through their demography, occupation, family size. The study showed that three types of water resources available in Than Gaing Village, water-wells, river and canal. The most water resource consumed in the community is water-wells as the survey result indicate that 115 households (78.2% of the households) only use water-wells, 4 households (2.7%, of households) use water-wells and river, 22 households (14.9% of total households) use canal and water-wells, 6 households (4.1%) of total households use all the water resources in community; river,canal and water-wells. There are total of 42 water-wells scattered across the community

Design and Optimization of Aircraft Configuration for Minimum Drag

This paper presents a reliable and robust optimization for minimum drag of an aircraft at the conceptual design phase. Firstly, the conceptual design code was developed and existing Single Seat Aerobatic (SSA) aircraft was chosen to validate the reliability of developed code. The resulted data from the developed code showed good agreement with the existing data. Secondly, Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) optimizer was created and employed as a tool to explore possible aircraft configurations that are more efficient and less costly than an existing design. The optimized results gave lower Drag and better performance

National scale-up of tuberculosis-human immunodeficiency virus collaborative activities in Myanmar from 2005 to 2016 and tuberculosis treatment outcomes for patients with human immunodeficiency virus-positive tuberculosis in the Mandalay Region in 2015.

Background: HIV-associated TB is a serious public health problem in Myanmar. Study objectives were to describe national scale-up of collaborative activities to reduce the double burden of TB and HIV from 2005 to 2016 and to describe TB treatment outcomes of individuals registered with HIV-associated TB in 2015 in the Mandalay Region. Methods: Secondary analysis of national aggregate data and, for treatment outcomes, a cohort study of patients with HIV-associated TB in the Mandalay Region. Results: The number of townships implementing collaborative activities increased from 7 to 330 by 2016. The number of registered TB patients increased from 1577 to 139 625 in 2016, with the number of individuals tested for HIV increasing from 432 to 114 180 (82%) in 2016: 10 971 (10%) were diagnosed as HIV positive. Uptake of co-trimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) nationally in 2016 was 77% and 52%, respectively. In the Mandalay Region, treatment success was 77% and mortality was 18% in 815 HIV-associated TB patients. Risk factors for unfavourable outcomes and death were older age (≥45 years) and not taking CPT and/or ART. Conclusion: Myanmar is making good progress with reducing the HIV burden in TB patients, but better implementation is needed to reach 100% HIV testing and 100% CPT and ART uptake in TB-HIV co-infected patients

Observational study of adult respiratory infections in primary care clinics in Myanmar: understanding the burden of melioidosis, tuberculosis and other infections not covered by empirical treatment regimes.

BACKGROUND: Lower respiratory infections constitute a major disease burden worldwide. Treatment is usually empiric and targeted towards typical bacterial pathogens. Understanding the prevalence of pathogens not covered by empirical treatment is important to improve diagnostic and treatment algorithms. METHODS: A prospective observational study in peri-urban communities of Yangon, Myanmar was conducted between July 2018 and April 2019. Sputum specimens of 299 adults presenting with fever and productive cough were tested for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (microscopy and GeneXpert MTB/RIF [Mycobacterium tuberculosis/resistance to rifampicin]) and Burkholderia pseudomallei (Active Melioidosis Detect Lateral Flow Assay and culture). Nasopharyngeal swabs underwent respiratory virus (influenza A, B, respiratory syncytial virus) polymerase chain reaction testing. RESULTS: Among 299 patients, 32% (95% confidence interval [CI] 26 to 37) were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB), including 9 rifampicin-resistant cases. TB patients presented with a longer duration of fever (median 14 d) and productive cough (median 30 d) than non-TB patients (median fever duration 6 d, cough 7 d). One case of melioidosis pneumonia was detected by rapid test and confirmed by culture. Respiratory viruses were detected in 16% (95% CI 12 to 21) of patients. CONCLUSIONS: TB was very common in this population, suggesting that microscopy and GeneXpert MTB/RIF on all sputum samples should be routinely included in diagnostic algorithms for fever and cough. Melioidosis was uncommon in this population

Confirmation of Skywalker Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock tianxing) in Myanmar extends known geographic range of an endangered primate

Characterizing genetically distinct populations of primates is important for protecting biodiversity and effectively allocating conservation resources. Skywalker gibbons (Hoolock tianxing) were first described in 2017, with the only confirmed population consisting of 150 individuals in Mt. Gaoligong, Yunnan Province, China. Based on river geography, the distribution of the skywalker gibbon has been hypothesized to extend into Myanmar between the N’Mai Kha and Ayeyarwaddy Rivers to the west, and the Salween River (named the Thanlwin River in Myanmar and Nujiang River in China) to the east. We conducted acoustic point-count sampling surveys, collected noninvasive samples for molecular mitochondrial cytochrome b gene identification, and took photographs for morphological identification at six sites in Kachin State and three sites in Shan State to determine the presence of skywalker gibbons in predicted suitable forest areas in Myanmar. We also conducted 50 semistructured interviews with members of communities surrounding gibbon range forests to understand potential threats. In Kachin State, we audio-recorded 23 gibbon groups with group densities ranging between 0.57 and 3.6 group/km2. In Shan State, we audio-recorded 21 gibbon groups with group densities ranging between 0.134 and 1.0 group/km2. Based on genetic data obtained from skin and saliva samples, the gibbons were identified as skywalker gibbons (99.54–100% identity). Although these findings increase the species’ known population size and confirmed distribution, skywalker gibbons in Myanmar are threatened by local habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation. Most of the skywalker gibbon population in Myanmar exists outside protected areas. Therefore, the IUCN Red List status of the skywalker gibbon should remain as Endangered

Electroencephalography (EEG) brain computer interface (BCI) for mental states detection

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) enables a new dimension for Human Computer Interface, by allowing people to interact directly through their brain signals without conventional pathways. EEG, the most prevalent BCI sensing modality, enables to measure brain activities in various form-factors suitable for application needs. Regardless of shallow or deep modelling, robust decoding of mental states from EEG signals requires calibration tasks to train optimal classiffier models. The lack of ground-truth, only surrogate calibration task, resulted in sub-optimal or poor EEG decoding performance. In this thesis, I proposed generic EEG processing framework covering from calibration, offline modelling to online mental states detection. Then, I investigated attention calibrations under different experiment designs using multiple subjects to understand how different stimuli parameters and tasks influence the attention decoding. Finally, I designed visual search and white noise visual-audio calibration paradigms to further improve the EEG decoding accuracy in attention recognition using wearable EEG devices.Master of Engineerin

Protection for link and node failures in optical networks

The provisioning of resilience against network failures in multi-layer IP-based optical networks is crucial for today transport networks. Again, survivability, a combination of protection/restoration techniques and different layers recovery schemes, is a growing area of research to provide increasing demands of high bandwidth DWDM optical transport networks. Failures like cable cuts or node breakdowns can have drastic impact on the services using in our daily life. Due to the ever-increasing amount of data transported over a single link, failures can cause tremendous loss of data, loss of revenue, and loss of reputation for the service provider. Therefore the network has to be resilient against almost all failures that it must be able to detect the failure and recover affected services very fast, ideally without recognizing the service outages and disconnecting.Master of Science (Communication Software and Networks