ミャンマーにおける旧石器時代石器の原材料利用・技術・型式分類 : 石器製作技術は地域性と関係するか？―

　ミャンマーの旧石器文化はその地理的位置によって二つに区分される。開地的な遺跡は低地平原に位置し、そこで典型的なアニャティアン文化が更新世中期から完新世前期の間に盛行したものと思われる。一方、高地カルスト地帯の洞穴遺跡は礫器文化を反映しており、その年代は11,000 BP ごろ以降に始まるかもしれない。本論はそうした二つの異なった文化の特徴をまとめるとともに、地方的・地域的伝統における技術論的関連を明らかにしようとするものである

Trade Competitions among the Top Exporting Partners in the ASEAN Market: Focusing on Agro-food Commodities

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농경제사회학부(농경제학전공), 2012. 8. 김한호.ABSTRACT (in Korean) 동남아시아국가연합(ASEAN)이 동아시아 지역에서의 양자무역협정 네트워킹에 있어 중요한 역할을 하기 시작하면서 자유무역협정(FTA)이 활발히 맺어지고 있으며 동시에 다자간 무역 시스템의 특징도 급속히 확장하고 있다. 동남아시아국가연합은 농산물무역에 있어 순 수출 지역이지만, 최근 1인당 소득 증대, 여러 가지 부가가치제품에 대한 식습관 및 선호, 농축식품산업의 집중도 증가, 세계화 및 개발도상국에서의 패스트푸드의 확산 등으로 2005년~2009년 사이 농산물과 비농산물 수입시장이 총수입금액 257,943 백만달러(US)로 커지기 시작하였다. ASEAN 시장으로 가장 많이 수출하는 주요 20국 가운데, 특히 미국, 중국, 호주, 인도, 그리고 일본이 수출 5대국가를 형성하고 있다. 비중심상관거리접근(The un-centered correlation distance approach)과 경쟁위협모형(competitive threat framework) 개념을 사용하여 분석한 결과, 미국, 일본, 호주는 ASEAN 시장에서 인도뿐만 아니라 중국과 심각한 경쟁을 하고 있다. 일본은 또한 한국과의 경쟁에 직면해 있다. 중국과 인도는 지리적 접근의 상대적 우월성 때문에 ASEAN 시장에서 다른 나라보다 경쟁우위를 점할 수 있는 것처럼 보인다. HS 4자리 기준 총 323개의 ASEAN 시장 수입품을 두고 미국(316개 품목), 일본(318개 품목), 호주(304개 품목) 등이 경쟁을 하고 있는데, 최근 중국 수출로 인해 위협을 받고 있다. 영향을 받는 품목들 중에서 미국(63%), 일본(63%), 호주(63%)의 수출이 중국 수출의 "직접적 위협과 부분적 위협"을 받았다. HS 6자리 품목으로 좀 더 자세한 분석을 수행한 결과, 중국은 "신선 사과", "신선 또는 건조한 포도", "신선 또는 건조한 오렌지", "신선한 배 및 마르멜로", "신선한 만다린, 클레멘타인 & 시트리스" 등 주요 식용 과일에 대해 ASEAN 수입 시장에서 직접적으로 미국과 호주를 위협했다. 미국과 일본은 "소스와 소스용 조제품, 혼합조미료", "수프•브로드와 수프•브로드용 조제품", "균질화한 혼합조제식료품", 겨자의 분•조분과 조제한 겨자", "따로 분류되지 아니한 조제식료품 기타", "잎담배"와 같은 품목에서 중국의 직접적인 위협을 겪고 있었다. 게다가 이들 3국은 "면직물(면의 함유량이 전 중량의 100분의 85 이상인 것으로서 1제곱미터 당 중량이 200그램 이하인 것에 한함) 기타작물", "면직물(면의 함유량이 전 중량의 100분의 85 이상인 것으로서 1제곱미터당 중량이 200그램을 초과하는 것에 한함) 기타직물", "면직물 기타 직물의 것"에 대하여 중국의 직접적인 위협을 받았다. 상대적으로 높은 유사성(similarity) 지수로 미국, 일본, 호주는 중국의 수출뿐만 아니라 인도의 수출과도 ASEAN 수입 시장에서 경쟁해야 했다. 일본의 243개 수출 품목, 미국의 225개 수출 품목, 호주의 218개 수출 품목은 직접 또는 부분적으로 인도의 수출에 도전을 받았다. 직접적으로 인도의 수출에 영향을 받은 미국과 호주의 주요 농산물은 "옥수수 기타(사료용, 팝콘, 기타)", "옥수수 종자용", "밀리트", "카나리시드", 낙화생(볶거나 기타 조리를 한 것을 제외하며, 탈각 또는 파쇄한 것인지의 여부를 불문한다), "참깨", "주로 향료용ㆍ의료용ㆍ살충용ㆍ살균용 기타 이와 유사한 용도에 적합한 식물 및 그 부분 기타", 사료용 식물의 종자, 채소 종자, 주로 식용에 적합한 과실의 핵과 기타의 식물성 생산품(볶지 아니한 시코리엄 인티부스 새티범 변종의 치커리뿌리를 포함한다)으로서 따로 분류되지 아니한 것 기타와 면•면사면직물이었다. 게다가 호주의 유제품"과 미국의 "조제사료" 또한 인도의 수출로부터 위협을 받고 있다. "간장 기타", "수프•브로드와 수프•브로드용조제품", "균질화한 혼합조제식료품", "제 3901호 내지 제 3913호의 풀리머 또는 고무를 기제로 한 접착제", "규산염을 기제로 한 글루", "효소 및 따로 분류되지 아니한 조제 효소", "덱스트린과 기타 변성전분", " 면•면사면직물"과 같은 일본 주요 생산품은 인도의 수출 생산품으로 인해 직접적 위협을 받았다. 또한 한국에 의하여 직접적으로 위협 받은 주요 생산품은 분 또는 설육의 분. 조분. 펠리트 및 수지박, 어류. 갑각류. 연체동물 또는 기타 수생무척추동물의 분. 조분 및 펠리트, 평직물 (1제곱미터당 주량이 100 그램 이하인 것에 한한다), 표박하지 아니한 것. 기타 직물의 것 과 염색한 것. 기타직물 이다. ASEAN 시장의 무역경쟁에서 미국, 일본, 호주는 "제초제", "살충제", "살충제(농약)", "섬유공업 또는 이와 유사한 공업용의 것", "활성탄", "조제한 고무가황촉진제", "이소시아네이트", "에틸렌", "항생물질", "유기-황 화합물", "농약원제의 것", "페니실린과 페니실린 산"과 같은 비농산물 품목에서 모든 비교 대상 국가 즉, 중국, 인도, 한국으로부터 직접적인 위협을 받았다. 중력모형을 적용하면 "수입국 GDP", "1인당 수입국 GDP", "수출국 GDP"는 양의 부호를 가지며 높은 통계적 유의성을 보여준다. 이것은 ASEAN 수입 시장에서 수입국의 GDP, 수입국의 1인당 GDP, 수출국의 GDP와 함께 무역량이 증가한다는 것을 의미한다. FTA를 표시하는 더미변수의 추정치는 유의미한 계수(2.39)를 보여주고, 또한 ASEAN 역내 자유무역협정은 회원국간 무역을 991% 상승시켰다. 그러므로 자유무역은 ASEAN 수입 시장 내 주요수출국가들의 무역에서 중요한 역할을 하였다. 주요 작물의 수입은 양과 금액 모두 상당히 증가했는데, 이 같은 수입 증가는 ASEAN 국가들의 국내 생산에는 크게 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 여러 품목의 수입은 보완재로서 국내에서 소비될 수 있었고 또한 ASEAN 국가들의 수출뿐만 아니라 국내 소비를 위한 부가가치 산업의 원자재로서도 사용될 수 있었다. 키워드: 무역 경쟁, ASEAN 수입 시장, 자유무역협정(FTA), 중력모형, 농산품 학번: 2009-31277ABSTRACT Since ASEAN is playing a significant role in the networking of bilateral trade agreements in the East Asia region, Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) become now the most prominent and rapidly expanding feature of the multilateral trading system. Although ASEAN is a net exporting region for agricultural trade, due to rising per capita income, the diets and preferences of consumers on the different kinds of value added products, the demands of an increasingly concentrated food industry, globalization and the spreading presence of the fast-food industry in developing countries, most of its agriculture and some non-agriculture imports become large and growing during these periods until the total import amount 257,943 million US$ from the world in 2005-2009 periods. Among the top 20 exporters to ASEAN market, USA, China, Australia, India and Japan were five largest trade partners in ASEAN import market. By using the un-centered correlation distance approach and the concept of competitive threat framework, the results show that USA, Japan and Australia were facing serious competition with China as well as India in ASEAN import market. Japan also faced trade competition with Korea. The relative geographic proximity of China and India to ASEAN markets seems to favor them several advantages in their competitions with other countries. Among total 323 four-digit HS commodities of ASEAN import, USAs exports (316 commodities), Japans exports (318 commodities) and Australias exports (304 commodities) were affected by Chinas export threat. Among those affected items, USA (63%), Japan (63%) and Australia (63%) were subjected to Direct threat and Partial threat of Chinas exports. After more detail analysis of six-digit items, China directly threatened to USA and Australia in major edible fruits such as fresh apples, fresh and dried grapes, fresh or dried oranges, fresh pears and quinces, and fresh mandarin, clementine & citrus in ASEAN market. USA and Japan were suffering Chinas direct threat in some items like Sauces nes, mixed condiment, mixed seasoning, Soups and broths and preparations thereof, Homogenised composite food preparations, Mustard flour or meal and prepared mustard, Food preparation nes and Tobacco, unmanufactured, stemmed or stripped. Moreover these three countries were subjected to China direct threat in Woven cotton nes, >85% 85% >200g/m2, dyed, nes, and Woven cotton nes, >85% <200g/m2, unbleached. With the relatively higher similarity index, exports of USA, Japan and Australia were subjected to compete with not only Chinas exports but also Indias exports in ASEAN import market. Japans exports 243 items, USAs export 225 items and Australias exports 218 items were directly or partially challenged by Indias exports. The major agriculture export commodities directly affected by Indias export were Maize except seed corn, Maize (corn) seed, Millet, Canary seed, Ground-nuts shelled, not roasted or cooked, Sesamum seeds, Plants & parts, pharmacy, perfume, insecticide use nes, Seed, fruits and spores for sowing, nes, Seed, forage plants, for sowing nes, Seed, vegetable, nes for sowing, Vegetable products nes for human consumption and different kinds of Cotton for both USA and Australia. Moreover Australias Dairy products and USAs Residues and waste from the food industries were also threatened by Indias exports. Japans major products like Sauces nes, mixed condiments, mixed seasoning, Soups and broths and preparations thereof, Homogenised composite food preparations, Adhesives based on rubber or plastic, package >1 kg, Glues or adhesives, prepared nes, package > 1kg, Enzymes nes, prepared enzymes nes, except rennet, Dextrins and other modified starches and major cotton products were subjected to Direct Threat by Indias export products. In addition to, Japans major products directly threatened by Korea were Flour or meal, pellet, fish, etc., for animal feed, Animal feed preparations nes, Plain weave cotton, >85% >200g/m2, unbleached, Woven cotton nes, >85% 85% <200g/m2, dyed and other different kinds of cotton in ASEAN import market. For non-agriculture products, Herbicides, Insecticides, Pesticides, Finishing agents, dye carriers , Activated carbon, prepared rubber accelerators, Isocyanates, Ethylene, Antibiotics, Organo-sulphur compounds, Heterocyclic compounds, and Penicillins and their derivatives of USA, Japan and Australia were subjected to Direct Threat of each reference country in all trade competitions in ASEAN market. By applying gravity model, the effect of the importers GDP, the importers GDP per capita and exporters GDP shows positive and highly significant. It means that trade rises with GDP of importers, GDP per capita of importers and GDP of exporters in ASEAN import market. The significant coefficient of dummy variable, FTAijt is (2.39) and the intra-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement increased trade between its members by 991%. Therefore, Free Trade Agreements play an important role in the trade of top exporters in ASEAN import market. Even import amounts and value of the major crops increased significantly, increasing of import did not effect on their domestic productions of ASEAN countries. Importing products or commodities could be used for domestic consumption as complementary goods and could be also used as raw materials from value-added industries for domestic consumption as well as export in ASEAN countries. Key words: trade competition, ASEAN import market, Free Trade Agreement (FTA), gravity model, agriculture products Student ID number: 2009-31277Contents Abstract i List of Tables (in the body of text) ix List of Figures (in the body of text) xiii List of the Acronyms xvi I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Significance of the study 5 1.3 Objectives of the study 12 1.4 Organization of the study 13 II. LITERATURE REVIEWS 14 2.1 ASEAN Regional Trade 14 2.2 ASEAN Free Trade Agreements 16 2.3 Trade Competitions 20 2.3.1 Trade Competition between China and USA 20 2.3.2 Trade Competition between China and India 24 2.3.3 Trade Competition between China and Japan 26 2.3.4 Trade Competition between India and USA 30 2.3.5 Trade Competition between Korea and Japan 31 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 33 3.1 Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) 33 3.2 Economic Situation of ASEAN 49 3.3 ASEAN Free Trade Agreements 52 3.4 ASEAN Relation with Top Trading Partners 55 3.4.1 ASEAN relation with USA 55 3.4.2 ASEAN relation with China 58 3.4.3 ASEAN relation with Japan 64 3.4.4 ASEAN relation with India 66 3.4.5 ASEAN relation with Australia 69 3.4.6 ASEAN relation with Korea 71 IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 73 4.1 Trade Competitions in ASEAN import market 73 4.1.1 Data and Sampling 73 4.1.2 Analytical Framework 75 4.2 Effect of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in ASEAN import market 80 4.2.1 The Gravity Model 80 4.2.2 Data and Methodology 82 V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 84 5.1 ASEAN agriculture and non-agriculture trade with the top partners 84 5.2 ASEAN agriculture and non-agriculture trade with United States 96 5.2.1 USA agriculture and non-agriculture exports to world 96 5.2.2 USA agriculture and non-agriculture exports to ASEAN 98 5.3 ASEAN agriculture and non-agriculture trade with China 101 5.3.1 China agriculture and non-agriculture exports to world 101 5.3.2 China agriculture and non-agriculture exports to ASEAN 105 5.4 ASEAN agriculture and non-agriculture trade with Japan 109 5.4.1 Japan agriculture and non-agriculture exports to world 109 5.4.2 Japan agriculture and non-agriculture exports to ASEAN 112 5.5 ASEAN agriculture and non-agriculture trade with India 115 5.5.1 India agriculture and non-agriculture exports to world 115 5.5.2 India agriculture and non-agriculture exports to ASEAN 119 5.6 ASEAN agriculture and non-agriculture trade with Australia 122 5.6.1 Australia agriculture and non-agriculture exports to world 122 5.6.2 Australia agriculture and non-agriculture exports to ASEAN 126 5.7 ASEAN agriculture and non-agriculture trade with Korea 129 5.7.1 Korea agriculture and non-agriculture exports to world 129 5.7.2 Korea agriculture and non-agriculture exports to ASEAN 132 5.8 Trade competitions among the emerging markets and declining markets136 5.8.1 Trade competition between China and United States 137 5.8.2 Trade competition between China and Japan 154 5.8.3 Trade competition between China and Australia 159 5.8.4 Trade competition between India and United States 165 5.8.5 Trade competition between India and Japan 175 5.8.6 Trade competition between India and Australia 180 5.8.7 Trade competition between Korea and Japan 185 5.9 Effect of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) 195 5.10 Production, export and import of some major crops in ASEAN 198 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 208 6.1 Conclusions 208 6.2 Policy implications 218 REFERENCES 225 APPENDICES 236 ABSTRACT (in Korean) 247 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 250Docto

Rural and urban disparities in health-seeking for fever in Myanmar: findings from a probability-based household survey.

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes Myanmar as having the highest burden of malaria in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). Early diagnosis and proper treatment are critical in containing malaria. The objective of this study was to assess determinants of seeking treatment for fever from trained providers across rural and urban areas in Eastern Myanmar.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted during the high malaria seasons in the eastern part Myanmar between August and September 2014. Multi-staged cluster sampling was used to sample households. A series of questions related to treatment-seeking for fever were asked. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to identify independent correlates of seeking treatment for fever from trained providers.ResultsThe analysis was restricted to 637 participants who reported either themselves or their family members having had fever 2 weeks prior to the interview. In the multivariate analysis, rural residents were less likely to have sought treatment from trained providers (AOR = 0.60, 95 % CI 0.42-0.88; p = 0.01) while residents who had fever patients between the ages of 5 and 14 years (AOR = 1.60, 95 % CI 0.90-2.53; p = 0.05); and those who knew that sleeping under bed nets can prevent malaria (AOR = 2.08, 95 % CI 1.00-4.30; p = 0.05); were borderline more likely to have sought treatment.ConclusionThis study suggests that rural populations need improved access to trained providers. Additionally, future programmes should focus on increasing knowledge around malaria prevention and treatment

Effect of leucaena forage and silage substitution in concentrates on digestibility, nitrogen utilization and milk yield in dairy cows

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding leucaena forage and silage substitution in concentrate on the performances of dairy cows. Nine cross-bred Holstein Friesian cows (410±12kg) in the 12th week of lactation were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups with three replicates/treatments in a completely randomized design. The three treatments were control diet without substitution of leucaena forage and silage (DLFS0), diet with substitution of leucaena forage 10% (DLF10) and diet with substitution of leucaena silage 10% (DLS10). Cows were fed treatments for 60 days. Although nutrient intakes were not significantly different (p&gt;0.05) each other, digestibility of DLFS0 was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than others. Conversely, nitrogen utilization and average milk yield of cows offered DLFS0 were significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) than those of cows fed on DLF10 and DLS10. The highest feed cost (p&lt;0.05) per kg of milk was found in DLFS0 and the lowest cost was observed in DLF10. Therefore, although the leucana forage and silage could be substitute up to 10% of concentrates without adverse effects on the performances of dairy cows, the substitution of leucaena forage gave the better performances than that of leucaena silage

Who continues to stock oral artemisinin monotherapy? Results of a provider survey in Myanmar.

BackgroundArtemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is a key strategy for global malaria elimination efforts. However, the development of artemisinin-resistant malaria parasites threatens progress and continued usage of oral artemisinin monotherapies (AMT) predisposes the selection of drug resistant strains. This is particularly a problem along the Myanmar/Thailand border. The artemisinin monotherapy replacement programme (AMTR) was established in 2012 to remove oral AMT from stocks in Myanmar, specifically by replacing oral AMT with quality-assured ACT and conducting behavioural change communication activities to the outlets dispensing anti-malarial medications. This study attempts to quantify the characteristics of outlet providers who continue to stock oral AMT despite these concerted efforts.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of all types of private sector outlets that were stocking anti-malarial drugs in 13 townships of Eastern Myanmar was implemented from July to August 2014. A total of 573 outlets were included. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to assess outlet and provider-level characteristics associated with stocking oral AMT.ResultsIn total, 2939 outlets in Eastern Myanmar were screened for presence of any anti-malarial drugs in August 2014. The study found that 573 (19.5 %) had some kind of oral anti-malarial drug in stock at the time of survey and among them, 96 (16.8 %) stocked oral AMT. In bivariate analyses, compared to health care facilities, itinerant drug vendors, retailers and health workers were less likely to stock oral AMT (33.3 vs 12.9, 10.0, 8.1 %, OR = 0.30, 0.22, 0.18, respectively). Providers who cut blister pack or sell partial courses (40.6 vs 11.7 %, OR 5.18, CI 3.18-8.44) and those who based their stock decision on consumer demand (32.8 vs 12.1 %, OR 3.54, CI 2.21-5.63) were more likely to stock oAMT. Multivariate logistic regressions produced similar significant associations.ConclusionPrivate healthcare facilities and drug shops and providers who prioritize consumers' demand instead of recommended practices were more likely to stock oral AMT. Malaria elimination strategies should include targeted interventions to effectively reach those outlets

Bioactive secondary metabolites from the culture of the marine sponge-associated fungus Neosartorya fennelliae KUFA 0811

Mango Andrew. Alexandre Jevakhoff Kemal Atatürk : Les chemins de l'Occident, 1989. In: CEMOTI, n°20, 1995. Médias d'Iran et d'Asie Centrale. pp. 415-418