18 research outputs found
The disrespected state: Chinaâs struggle for recognition through âsoft powerâ
This study examines the Western-originated International Relations (IR) concept of Soft Power in the context of the Peopleâs Republic of China (PRC). In order to bring more nuance to the particular localised phenomena, the thesis presents three different approaches to the study of soft power: qualitative rhetorical analysis, media analysis and automated sentiment analysis. The results show that soft power is envisioned within the PRC as a political tool for international and domestic use, that the economy is where China has the most soft power potential in Western media, and that the PRC soft power policies are driven by emotions rather than rational calculation, guided by perception of disrespect.
The contribution of the study is thus divided into three parts. Firstly, a discourse analysis of relevant Chinese academic journal articles published on the Mainland in Chinese 2000-2015 (n=31) shows that soft power rhetoric aims at national identity formation using such category arguments as âAnti-Westernisationâ and âcultural securityâ. In essence, the analysed soft power rhetoric formulates Chinese culture as being under threat from globalisation and Westernisation.
Secondly, the study applies media analysis to interpret popular culture produced by the PRC public diplomacy bureaucracy. The results find negative dispositions vis-Ă -vis âselfâ and âotherâ, as well as in-group/out-group symbolism in the analysed popular culture texts.
Thirdly, to quantify Chinaâs Western media image as part of its soft power push, the study applies an automated dictionary method to analyse two Reuters news article corpora covering the years 1996â1997 and 2008â2009 (n=1,400,000). Using automated content classification, the data is first geocoded into China-, Japan-, South Korea-, Taiwan-, and Hong Kong-related coverage and then further categorised into cultural, political, and economic topics. An automated sentiment analysis is applied to each category to quantify the tendency of the articles. The results emphasise the importance of economy in China related coverage, whereby the assumption of Chinese public diplomacy is not supported: no categorical negative Western media slant against China in comparison to other East Asian regions is found.
The study demonstrates that the phenomenon referred to as soft power within the PRC tackles the challenges of modernisation and progress by placing emphasis on cultural safety and national image construction amid the perceived threats of globalisation and Westernisation. This is seen as an answer for the Chinese state in search of national identity, legitimacy and communal acceptance, still struggling with a collective perception of disrespect stemming from historical Western hegemony
Chinaâs Push for Greater Influence in the Popular Culture Arena: The Ip Man Saga
This article offers a critical analysis of four kung fu films that were co-produced by Hong Kong and Mainland China and depict the legend of Ip Man, Bruce Leeâs teacher. It discusses different representations in the Ip Man saga, and argues that while othering Japan and the West, the Chinese self is depicted in the saga as a benevolent but powerful actor. The texts of the films are thus found to echo past and present Mainland identity narratives and to be connected to the Mainlandâs push for soft power. The article links popular culture to politics by showing how political narratives are made attractive at an everyday level, thus contributing to the literature on identity and soft power.</p
Struggling for Recognition? Strategic Disrespectin Chinaâs Pursuit of Soft Power
This paper addresses the Chinese policy communityâs interpretations of identities,which potentially shape the soft power policies of China. It couples soft power toidentity through a discourse analysis of the language used by the Chinese state inrelation to soft power. It builds on a number of earlier theorizations that associate softpower with identity as a discursive phenomenon. The results highlight the use ofstrategic disrespect in Chinaâs soft power discourse. In the context of global culturalcompetition, and in particular the South-South cooperation framework, it is argued thatthe practitioners of the Chinese discourse present ChinaâsâSelfâas a soft power and theWesternâOtherâas a hard power.</p
Kiina Goes Pop
KansainvĂ€listĂ€ politiikkaa seuraavilla on hyvin tiedossa, miten Hollywood-elokuvat vĂ€littĂ€vĂ€t amerikkalaisia arvoja maailmalle. On ehkĂ€ vĂ€hemmĂ€n tunnettua, miten Pekingin identiteettipolitiikka heijastuu kiinalaisiin toimintaelokuviin. Tarkastelen tĂ€ssĂ€ kirjoituksessa kiinalaista taistelulajigenreĂ€ kolmen valtionrahoittaman elokuvan kautta. Populaarikulttuurin tulkitseminen âpoliittisina teksteinĂ€â paljastaa uusia poliittisen viestinnĂ€n nĂ€kökulmia.</p
The Cultural Soft Power of China: A Tool for Dualistic National Security
Research on the soft power of China has proliferated to the point where little coherence can be detected. This paper attempts to bring together the various forms of analyses in both international and Chinese literature. A division in the non-Chinese research is drawn between those who recognize the international and domestic dimension in the Chinese soft power discourse and those who do not. It is concluded that Chinese academia envisages cultural soft power as a tool for tackling the challenges of modernization for the PRC state in search of itself in a dualistic manner using both the international and domestic arenas. In essence, the soft power discourse of China has long since outgrown the narrow definition used in the West more in the direction of national security
The Cultural Soft Power of China â A Tool for Dualistic National Security
Research on the soft power of China has proliferated to the point where little coherence can be detected. This paper attempts to bring together the various forms of analyses in both international and Chinese literature. A division in the non-Chinese research is drawn between those who recognize the international and domestic dimension in the Chinese soft power discourse and those who do not. It is concluded that Chinese academia envisages cultural soft power as a tool for tackling the challenges of modernization for the PRC state in search of itself in a dualistic manner using both the international and domestic arenas. In essence, the soft power discourse of China has long since outgrown the narrow definition used in the West more in the direction of national security.</p
Kiina goes pop: Toimintaelokuvat poliittisen viestinnÀn vÀlineenÀ
KansainvĂ€listĂ€ politiikkaa seuraavilla on hyvin tiedossa, miten Hollywood-elokuvat vĂ€littĂ€vĂ€t amerikkalaisia arvoja maailmalle. On ehkĂ€ vĂ€hemmĂ€n tunnettua, miten Pekingin identiteettipolitiikka heijastuu kiinalaisiin toimintaelokuviin. Tarkastelen tĂ€ssĂ€ kirjoituksessa kiinalaista taistelulajigenreĂ€ kolmen valtionrahoittaman elokuvan kautta. Populaarikulttuurin tulkitseminen âpoliittisina teksteinĂ€â paljastaa uusia poliittisen viestinnĂ€n nĂ€kökulmia
China as a hybrid influencer: Non-state actors as state proxies
Along with other authoritarian states engaged in hybrid threat activities, Chinaâs strategic rationale is to undermine democratic norms. In creating hybrid threats, the use of non-armed non-state actors (NSAs) is a key element. Thus, an understanding of Chinaâs NSA-related behaviour and the identification of NSA-related activity is vital for democratic states in countering hybrid threats. This Hybrid CoE Research Report provides an overview of the main NSAs associated with the Chinese state, and discusses the use of proxy NSAs by the Chinese state from the political system and strategic culture points of view. The report concludes by discussing democratic responses to Chinaâs NSA-related hybrid activity.</p
Populaarikulttuurin paikkoja ja politiikkaa: Kung Fu -elokuvien pekingilÀistyvÀ Hongkong
Kirjoituksessa tarkastelemme, miten Manner-Kiinan voimistunut
mÀÀrÀysvalta Hongkongin lokaliteettiin ilmenee populaarikulttuurissa.
Paikan politiikka tulee esiin kung-fu -elokuvien taustalla vaikuttavissa
mannerkiinalaisissa identiteettinarratiiveissa sekÀ toisaalta
nostalgia-elokuvien ilmentÀmÀssÀ kaipauksessa Hongkongin luovutusta
edeltÀvÀÀn ajanjaksoon. Hongkongin elokuvateollisuuden lisÀÀntynyt
Kiina-johtoisuus oli myös keskeinen peruste demokratia-aktivistien
vaatimalle Ip Man 4 -elokuvan boikotille, mikÀ on puolestaan
nÀhtÀvÀ osana laajempaa pekingilÀistÀmistoimia vastustavaa liikehdintÀÀ.
LiitÀmme Manner-Kiinan ja Hongkongin demokratialiikkeen vÀlisen
jÀnnitteen populaarikulttuurin ja paikan suhdetta tarkastelevaan
kansainvÀliseen tutkimuskirjallisuuteen. Kirjoitus korostaa
populaarikulttuurin merkitystÀ politiikan tutkimukselle, mikÀ
konkretisoituu sen kytkennöissÀ paikkoihin.</p
Populaarikulttuurin paikkoja ja politiikkaa: Kung Fu -elokuvien pekingilÀistyvÀ Hongkong
Kirjoituksessa tarkastelemme, miten Manner-Kiinan voimistunut mÀÀrÀysvalta Hongkongin lokaliteettiin ilmenee populaarikulttuurissa. Paikan politiikka tulee esiin kung-fu -elokuvien taustalla vaikuttavissa mannerkiinalaisissa identiteettinarratiiveissa sekÀ toisaalta nostalgia-elokuvien ilmentÀmÀssÀ kaipauksessa Hongkongin luovutusta edeltÀvÀÀn ajanjaksoon. Hongkongin elokuvateollisuuden lisÀÀntynyt Kiina-johtoisuus oli myös keskeinen peruste demokratia-aktivistien vaatimalle Ip Man 4 -elokuvan boikotille, mikÀ on puolestaan nÀhtÀvÀ osana laajempaa pekingilÀistÀmistoimia vastustavaa liikehdintÀÀ. LiitÀmme Manner-Kiinan ja Hongkongin demokratialiikkeen vÀlisen jÀnnitteen populaarikulttuurin ja paikan suhdetta tarkastelevaan kansainvÀliseen tutkimuskirjallisuuteen. Kirjoitus korostaa populaarikulttuurin merkitystÀ politiikan tutkimukselle, mikÀ konkretisoituu sen kytkennöissÀ paikkoihin