Topic structures and minimal effort

The complexity of human languages has always inspired research for some human faculty that makes language learning possible. The system that generates the complexity of human languages, ideally, is simple and effective. Recent developments of the generative grammatical theory explore deeper into the issue of simplicity or economy. The Minimalist Program developed in Chomsky (1991, 1993, 1995) tries to provide contents to such notions. What does it mean to be more economic or least effort? An important instantiation of such notions is the proposal that movement is the last resort assuming that movement is more costly than non-movement. Processes occur only because they are necessary. The definition of necessity generally is cast in morphological terms. Moreover, the notion of "economy" or "least effort" is deterministic of the appropriate derivations for sentences: a shorter derivation is better than a longer one. In this work, we show that the notion of "least effort," - do minimally if possible - is manifested not only in derivations but also in other aspects of the grammar. We take Chinese as an example and show that this language exhibits the properties manifesting some "least effort" guidelines in the area of movement and reconstruction, and in the projection of syntactic positions: when there is a choice, non-application of moyement/reconstruction and non-projection of a position are adopted. These phenomena essentially are attested in topic structures. The question arises as to why topic structures exhibit such minimal effort effects. We suggest that this is due to the fact that topic structures can be derived by movement or base-generation. When there are morpho-syntactic clues that reconstruction is necessary, the structure is a movement structure. Otherwise, the less costly non-movement structure is assumed. Moreover, because of the possibility of assuming a topic NP to be base-generated, bearing a predication (or aboutness) relation with the comment clause, the argument position which otherwise would be related to the topic (conveniently termed the trace position) is not projected when there is a choice of projecting or not projecting it

Spartan Daily, October 19, 1944

Volume 33, Issue 11https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/10971/thumbnail.jp

Barnes Hospital Bulletin

https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/bjc_barnes_bulletin/1153/thumbnail.jp

Pengaruh Customer Experiences Terhadap Revisit Intention Dengan Mediasi Learning in Museum Dan Visitor Satisfaction Di Museum Wayang

Revitalization of the museum in various cities in Indonesia by the government, including in Jakarta, aims to increase visits. To support this objective, museum needs to do the proper marketing strategies, one through experiential marketing approach.This study aims to reveal the effect of the customer experience on revisit intention with learning in museum and visitor satisfaction as mediation, from the perspective of museum visitors. This research was conducted at Museum Wayang, Jakarta. The result showed that customer experience in termsof five dimensions namely, sense, feel, think, act, and relate have positive effect on revisit intention through learning in museum and visitor satisfaction as mediating variables

Spartan Daily, June 16, 1943

Volume 31, Issue 155https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/10815/thumbnail.jp