Relativistic and QED effects on NMR magnetic shielding constant of neutral and ionized atoms and diatomic molecules

We show here results of four-component calculations of NMR σ for atoms with 10 ≤ Z ≤ 86 and their ions, within the polarization propagator formalism at its random phase level of pproach, and the first estimation of QED effects and Breit interactions of those atomic systems by using two theoretical effective models. We also show QED corrections to σ(X) in simple diatomic HX and X 2 (X = Br, I, At) molecules. We found that the Z dependence of QED corrections in bound-state many-electron systems is proportional to Z 5 , which is higher than its dependence in H-like systems. The analysis of relativistic ee (or paramagnetic-like) and pp (or diamagnetic-like) terms of σ, expose two different patterns: the pp contribution arise from virtual electron-positron pair creation/annihilation, and the ee contribution is mainly given by 1s → ns and 2s → ns excitations. The QED effects on shieldings have a negative sign and their magnitude is larger than 1% of the relativistic effects for high-Z atoms like Hg and Rn, and up to 0.6% of its total four-component value for neutral Rn. Furthermore, percentual contributions of QED effects to the total shielding are larger for ionized than for neutral atoms. In molecule, the contribution of QED effects to σ(X) is determined by its highest-Z atoms, being up to −0.6% of its total σ value for astatine compounds. It is found that QED effects grow faster than relativistic effects with Z.Fil: Koziol, Karol. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; Argentina. National Centre for Nuclear Research; PoloniaFil: Aucar, Ignacio Agustín. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Física; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; ArgentinaFil: Aucar, Gustavo Adolfo. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Física; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; Argentin

Ammonia: The molecule for establishing 14N and 15N absolute shielding scales and a source of information on nuclear magnetic moments

Multinuclear Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) studies of the gaseous mixtures 3He/14NH3 and 3He/15NH3 are reported. Precise analysis of the 3He, 14N, 15N, and 1H resonance frequencies show a linear dependence on the gas density. Extrapolation of these results to the zero-pressure limit gives ν0(1H), ν0(14N), and ν0(15N) resonance frequencies of the isolated ammonia molecule at 300 K. The analogous value for 3He atoms in gaseous mixtures ν0(3He) was measured as well. The application of a new scheme to introduce the most important electronic effects on NMR shieldings, together with highly accurate quantum chemical shielding calculations, allows the 14/15N and 1H shielding of the isolated ammonia molecule to be obtained with the greatest accuracy and precision. For the first time, these studies were carried out on ammonia within the so-called four-component relativistic framework. The NMR frequency comparison method provides an approach for determining the 14N and 15N nuclear magnetic moments. The new shielding parameters in ammonia were used for re-evaluation of the entire nitrogen absolute shielding scale. Additionally, the absolute shielding values of several gaseous compounds and secondary reference substances in liquids were presented. It was established that 14N and 15N absolute shielding constants in 14NH3 and 15NH3 are very similar and only differ by less than 0.01 ppm, which is not usually measurable in NMR experiments. Precise calculations of 14N and 15N dipole moments were also made from these accurate shielding values.Fil: Makulski, Włodzimierz. Uniwersytet Warszawski; ArgentinaFil: Aucar, Juan Jose. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; ArgentinaFil: Aucar, Gustavo Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentin

Self-energy effects on nuclear magnetic resonance parameters within quantum electrodynamics perturbation theory

A theory for the calculation of self-energy corrections to the nuclear magnetic parameters is given in this paper. It is based on the S-matrix formulation of bound-state quantum electrodynamics (QED). Explicit expressions for the various terms of the S-matrix are given. The interpretation of the self-energy, one- and two vertex terms and some perspective for possible future developments are discussedFil: Romero, Rodolfo Horacio. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Aucar, Gustavo Adolfo. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

The appearance of an interval of energies that contain the whole diamagnetic contributions to NMR magnetic shieldings

Working within relativistic polarization propagator approach, it was shown in a previous article that the electronic origin of diamagnetic contributions to NMR nuclear magnetic shielding, σdσd, are mostly excitations that fit in a well defined interval of energies such that 2mc2≦(εi−εs¯)<4mc22mc2≦(εi−εs¯)<4mc2. That interval of energies does not have, in principle, any physical reason to be so well defined, and gives a large amount of the total contribution to σdσd, e.g., close to 98% of it. Then a further study is given in this article, where we show some of the main characteristics of that interval of energy, such as its universal appearance and basis set independence. Our main result is the finding that σdσd is completely described by that interval of excitation energies, i.e., there is no contribution arising from outside of it. Most of the contributions belonging to that interval arise from virtual electronic energies larger than −3mc2−3mc2. For heavier atoms, there are few contributions from states with virtual negative energies smaller than −3mc2−3mc2. The model systems under study were noble gases, XH (X=BrX=Br, I, and At), XH2XH2 (X=OX=O, S, Se, Te, and Po), XH3XH3 (X=NX=N, P, As, Sb, and Bi); XH4XH4 (X=SnX=Sn and Pb), and SnXH3SnXH3 (X=BrX=Br and I). The pattern of contributions of occupied molecular orbitals (MOs) is also shown, where the 1s1∕21s1∕2 is the most important for excitations ending in the bottom half part of the above mentioned interval. On the other hand, the contribution of the other occupied MOs are more important than that of 1s1∕21s1∕2 for the other part of such interval. We also show that σdσd is electron correlation independent within both relativistic and nonrelativistic domain. In the case of σpσp, we find out a clear dependence of electron correlation effects with relativistic effects, which is of the order of 30% for Pb in PbH4PbH4.Fil: Maldonado, Alejandro Fabián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Aucar, Gustavo Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentin

Analysis of electron correlation effects and contributions of NMR J-couplings from occupied localized molecular orbitals

NMR J-coupling calculations at the secondorder of polarization propagator approach, SOPPA, are among the most reliable. They include a high percentage of the total electron correlation effects in saturated and unsaturated molecular systems. Furthermore, J-couplings are quite sensitive to the whole electronic molecular framework. We present in this article the first study of all three response mechanisms, Fermi contact, FC, spin-dipolar, SD and paramagnetic spin−orbital, PSO, for J-couplings with occupied localized molecular orbitals at the SOPPA level of approach. Even though SOPPA results are not invariant under unitary transformations, the difference between results obtained with canonical and localized molecular orbitals, LMOs, are small enough to permit its application with confidence. The following small-size saturated and unsaturated compounds were analyzed: CH4, CH3F, C2H6, NH3, C2H4, CH2NH, H2CCHF, and FHCCHF. The local character of the FC mechanism that appears in J-couplings of these molecular models is shown through the analysis of contributions from LMOs. The importance of including the electron correlation on the engaged bonding orbitals for one-bond couplings is emphasized. Almost all electron correlation effects are included in such orbitals. Interesting findings were the large contributions by s-type LMOs to the C−H and C−C J-couplings; they are responsible for the variation of 1J(C−C) when going from ethane to ethene and to 1,2-difluoroethene. The previously proposed hyperconjugative transfer mechanism has been tested. Among other tests we found the difference anti-syn of one-bond 1J(C−H) in imine as due to both the corresponding σ(C−H) and the lone-pair, LP, contribution. Geminal and vicinal J-couplings were also analyzed. Our findings are in accord with a previous work by Pople and Bothner-by, who considered results taken from calculations or empirical data. For all geminal couplings the pattern of J-couplings, like the change of sign, is originated in the main bondings that participate in the coupling pathways. The finding of asymmetric contributions of LP to vicinal H−H couplings in imine is highlighted. The analysis of J-couplings by contributions from LMOs to the noncontact mechanisms, SD and PSO, show that the π electronic framework makes both terms grow in the specific case of the model compounds studied here. The PSO mechanism is more efficient when a σ bond is vicinal to a π bond. We found in this way an efficient and powerful scheme to get a deeper insight on the electronic molecular framework on which J-couplings are transmitted.Fil: Zarycz, Maria Natalia Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Aucar, Gustavo Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; Argentin

Polarization propagator theory and the entanglement between MO excitations

Entanglement is at the core of quantum physics and so, one may conjecture that it should have some influence on atomic and molecular response properties. The usual way of treating entanglement is by applying information theory via the von Newman entropy. Given that the principal propagator is the operator that contains the physical information that arises due to the transmission of the effects of two external perturbations through the electronic framework of a quantum system, it should have in it the information necessary to quantify the likely entanglement among molecular orbital excitations. In this article we first propose a proper density matrix and from it, the way to quantify entangled excitations by using information theory. The NMR J-couplings are among the best candidates to learn about the potentialities of this formalism. We applied this new tool to analyze the famous Karplus rule and found a relationship between the dihedral angular dependence and the entanglement. We also found that the entangled excitations are related to electron correlation. The new formalism can be applied to all other response properties.Fil: Millán, Leonardo Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; ArgentinaFil: Giribet, Claudia Gloria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Aucar, Gustavo Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; Argentin

Theoretical analysis of NMR shieldings of group-11 metal halides on MX (M = Cu, Ag, Au; X = H, F, Cl, Br, I) molecular systems, and the appearance of quasi instabilities on AuF

Accurate calculations of nuclear magnetic shieldings of group-11 metal halides, σ(M; MX) (M = Cu, Ag, Au; X = H, F, Cl, Br, I), were performed with relativistic and nonrelativistic theoretical schemes in order to learn more about the importance of the involved electronic mechanisms that underlie such shieldings. We applied state of the art schemes: polarization propagators at a random phase level of approach (PP-RPA); spin-free Hamiltonian (SF); linear response elimination of small component (LRESC) and density functional theory (DFT) with two different functionals: B3LYP and PBE0. The results from DFT calculations are not close to those from the relativistic polarization propagator calculations at the RPA level of approach (RelPP-RPA), in line with previous results. The spin–orbit (SO) contribution to a shielding constant is important only for MF molecules (M = Cu, Ag, Au). Different electronic mechanisms are considered within the LRESC method, bunched into two groups: core- and ligand-dependent. For the analysed shieldings the core-dependent electronic mechanisms are the most important ones; the ligand-dependent being only important for MF molecules. An out of range value for σ(Au) is found in AuF. It was previously reported in the literature, either originated in the large fluorine electronegativity together with large spin–orbit coupling contributions; or, due to Fermi-contact contributions. We argue here that such an unexpected large value is an artifact originated in the appearance of quasi instabilities, and show how to handle this apparent problem.Fil: Maldonado, Alejandro Fabián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Física; ArgentinaFil: Melo, Juan Ignacio. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Física; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Aucar, Gustavo Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Física; Argentin

On the quantum origin of few response properties

In modern physics, the entanglement between quantum states is a well-established phenomenon. Going one step forward, one can conjecture the likely existence of an entanglement between excitations of one-particle quantum states. Working with a density matrix that is well defined within the polarization propagator formalism, together with information theory, we found that the quantum origin of, at least, few molecular response properties can be described by the entanglement between two pairs of virtual excitations of molecular orbitals (MOs). With our model, we are able to bring new insights into the electronic mechanisms that are behind the transmission, and communication, of the effects of a given perturbation to the whole electronic system described by the Hamiltonian of an unperturbed quantum system. With our entanglement model, we analyzed the electronic origin of the Karplus rule of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a well-known empirical phenomenon, and found that this rule is straightforwardly related to the behavior of entangled MO excitations. The model compound used to show it is the H2O2 molecule.Fil: Millán, Leonardo Andrés. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; ArgentinaFil: Giribet, Claudia Gloria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Formación e Investigación en Enseñanza de las Ciencias; ArgentinaFil: Aucar, Gustavo Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentin

The use of locally dense basis sets in the calculation of indirect nuclear spin–spin coupling constants: The vicinal coupling constants in H3C–CH2X (X=H, F, Cl, Br, I)

We have calculated the vicinal indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling constants 3J1H1H3J1H1H  in the series of molecules H3C–CH2XH3C–CH2X with X=H, F, Cl, Br, and I at the self-consistent field level and using the second order polarization propagator approximation (SOPPA). We have studied the effect of electron correlation and of the substituents (X=F, Cl, Br, and I) on all four contributions to the coupling constants. But in particular we have investigated the possibility of using locally dense basis sets, i.e., we have carried out calculations with basis sets, where the basis functions on the hydrogen atoms were optimized for the calculation of spin–spin coupling constants whereas on the other atoms smaller, contracted sets of basis functions were used. This changes the results for the couplings by ∼0.3 Hz or 3%. However, the change is almost entirely due to the orbital paramagnetic term and is independent of electron correlation, which enables one to estimate the SOPPA results in the full basis sets. Furthermore we find that the Fermi contact term is the dominant contribution to the vicinal coupling constants, because it is about an order of magnitude larger than the other contributions and because the two orbital angular moment terms almost cancel each other completely. Also the changes in the calculated couplings due to electron correlation are solely due to the Fermi contact term. However, the shifts in the coupling constants caused by the different substituents arise in equal amounts from the Fermi contact and the orbital diamagnetic term, whereas the changes in the orbital paramagnetic term are smaller and are in the opposite direction. In comparison with the experimental data we find very good agreement for C2H6C2H6 and C2H5F.C2H5F. However, the agreement becomes less good with increasing nuclear charge of the substituent X.Fil: Provasi, Patricio Federico. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Aucar, Gustavo Adolfo. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sauer, Stephan P. A.. Universidad de Copenhagen; Dinamarc

Magnetic descriptors of hydrogen bonds in malonaldehyde and its derivatives

The nature of the hydrogen bond, HB, as such is still unknown, though a few of its most fundamental features has been uncovered during the last few decades. At the moment, it is possible to obtain reliable results for only a few of its broadest properties, like magnetic properties. They could give new insights into the physics underlying the strength and features of HBs. In this article we analyze the electronic origin of the NMR spectroscopic parameters of malonaldehyde, MA, and some substituted MAs. These substituted MAs are such that the H-bonds are assisted by one of two phenomena: resonance, RAHB, or charge, CAHB. We have studied the dependences of these parameters on two of the main factors which contribute the most to both phenomena, the geometrical and electronic factors, and found out how they can be used to characterize RAHB or CAHB by means of reliable theoretical calculations. We show that in the set of compounds analyzed here (i) the shielding of the proton of the H-bond can be used as a measure of the strength of the HB and (ii) the relation between the contact and non-contact mechanisms of J-couplings between donor and acceptor atoms is a reliable descriptor of whether the H-bond is resonance assisted or charge assisted.Fil: Montero, Marcos David Alejandro. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Física; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; ArgentinaFil: Martínez, Fernando Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Física; ArgentinaFil: Aucar, Gustavo Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Naturales y Agrimensura. Instituto de Modelado e Innovación Tecnológica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura. Departamento de Física; Argentin