48 research outputs found

    Copernicus Ocean State Report, issue 6

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    The 6th issue of the Copernicus OSR incorporates a large range of topics for the blue, white and green ocean for all European regional seas, and the global ocean over 1993–2020 with a special focus on 2020

    Des récifs impactés mais résistants

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    Les rĂ©cifs coralliens de Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie subissent des pressions dues Ă  l’activitĂ© humaine, et en particulier l’activitĂ© miniĂšre. À l’échelle globale, les Ă©missions humaines de gaz Ă  effet de serre ont pour consĂ©quence un rĂ©chauffement et une acidification des ocĂ©ans, qui ont un impact Ă  l’échelle locale sur les rĂ©cifs coralliens (blanchissement). Les Ăźlots coralliens de Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie sont, de plus, soumis aux effets de la montĂ©e du niveau de lamer. Ces pressions humaines, directes ou..

    Nouvelle-Calédonie : archipel de corail

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    Update of the tsunami catalogue of New Caledonia using a decision table based on seismic data and marigraphic records

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    International audienceFourteen years ago, the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami demonstrated the destructional capability of tsunamis to the entire world. Since then, many research programs have been initiated to try to understand the phenomenon and its related hazards better and to improve the early warning systems for exposed coastal populations. Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs) are especially vulnerable to tsunamis. Amongst them, New Caledonia is a French overseas territory located in the Southwest Pacific and exposed to several tsunami sources. In 2010, a catalogue of tsunamis that were visually observed or measured in New Caledonia was published. Since this first study, several events occurred between 2009 and 2019, and an update of this catalogue was necessary within the framework of a tsunami hazard assessment project in New Caledonia (TSUCAL). To complete this catalogue, a decision table has been designed to select potential tsunamigenic events within the USGS earthquake database, using criteria on the distance to New Caledonia, the magnitude and the hypocenter depth. Then a cross-comparison between these earthquakes, the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) tsunami catalogue and local tide gauge records provided 25 events that were recorded in New Caledonia for the period from 30 September 2009 to 10 January 2019. These events are added to the 12 events reported with certainty during previous studies, leading to a number of 37 tsunamis triggered by earthquakes reported or recorded in New Caledonia since 1875. Six of them have been identified only thanks to local tide gauges, supporting the fact that instrumental recording of tsunamis is paramount for tsunami hazard studies, from early warning to the validation of coastal models. In addition, unpublished tide gauge data are provided for the 1960 Chile tsunami

    Vers des cùbles sous-marins « intelligents ». Pourquoi la Nouvelle-Calédonie est-elle concernée ?

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    This text calls back all the questions asked by the digital connections by submarine cables and the main stakes which emerge in the South Pacific. It develops the challenges put by the cybersecurity questions before opening the perspectives offered by the double use of these maritime connections for purposes of knowledge but also alert, monitoring as security. The text develops then the solutions which these connections authorize under two ways. First is the potential regarding "Smart Cables" authorizing the operational monitoring of long term environmental parameters in depths, as the early warnings relative to natural hazards (earthquakes, tsunamis...). Second, from now on operation, relates on the connection of seafloor and water column cabled submarine observatories authorizing, by shallows or ocean greatest depths, the environmental parameters monitoring but also those of marine specific faunae. The perspectives relative to the New Caledonia situation are then discussed.Ce texte rappelle l’ensemble des questions posĂ©es par les connexions numĂ©riques par cĂąbles sous-marins et les grands enjeux qui Ă©mergent dans le Pacifique Sud. Il dĂ©veloppe les dĂ©fis posĂ©s par la cybersĂ©curitĂ© avant d’ouvrir les perspectives offertes par l’utilisation double de ces connexions maritimes Ă  des fins de connaissance mais aussi d’alerte, de suivi, de sĂ©curitĂ© en mer. Le texte dĂ©veloppe alors les solutions que ces connexions autorisent sous deux formes. Celle potentielle en matiĂšre de « Smart Cables » autorisant la surveillance opĂ©rationnelle de paramĂštres environnementaux par grands fonds, comme les alertes prĂ©coces relatives Ă  des catastrophes naturelles (tremblement de terre, tsunamis
). Celle, dĂ©sormais opĂ©rationnelle, de la connexion d’observatoires sous-marins cĂąblĂ©s autorisant, par petits ou grands fonds, les suivis environnementaux mais aussi ceux de faunes spĂ©cifiques marines. Les perspectives relatives au cas de la Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie sont alors discutĂ©es

    REEFTEMPS the Pacific Insular Coastal Water Observation Network

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    ReefTEMPS is a sensor network which is part of the French national federative Research Infrastructure for coastal ocean and seashore observations ILICO

    Cartographie de l'aléa tsunami en Nouvelle-Calédonie

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    L’objectif de ce stage de fin d’étude Ă©tait de cartographier l’alĂ©a tsunami en Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie grĂące Ă  la modĂ©lisation de centaines de scĂ©narios prĂ©dĂ©finis dans la rĂ©gion du Pacifique. Dans une premiĂšre partie, une synthĂšse bibliographique est prĂ©sentĂ©e afin de mettre en Ă©vidence les apports de la cartographie de l’alĂ©a tsunami dans une stratĂ©gie de gestion du risque. Dans une seconde partie, les mĂ©thodes utilisĂ©es pour effectuer les simulations avec le code de modĂ©lisation numĂ©rique de tsunami MOST (Method Of Splitting Tsunami) sont dĂ©taillĂ©es. Une partie importante du travail a portĂ© sur la conception de grilles bathymĂ©triques Ă  diffĂ©rentes rĂ©solutions. Dans une troisiĂšme partie, les rĂ©sultats de modĂ©lisation qui amĂšnent Ă  fournir Ă  la SĂ©curitĂ© Civile des outils opĂ©rationnels d’évaluation de l’alĂ©a tsunami en Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie sont prĂ©sentĂ©s. La livraison d’une base de donnĂ©es de scĂ©narios, contenant les hauteurs de vagues maximums Ă  la cĂŽte et les temps de trajet de tsunami (TTT), ainsi que la production d’un atlas des scĂ©narios, constituent les produits finaux du projet. Dans une derniĂšre partie, les cartes d’alĂ©a sont abordĂ©es avec un regard critique, en analysant la robustesse et la sensibilitĂ© des rĂ©sultats obtenus sur la Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie. Enfin, une rĂ©flexion scientifique portant sur le rĂŽle des changements globaux et des zones naturelles littorales complĂšte l’analyse gĂ©ographique du risque tsunami

    Measuring ocean change : results from BATS, HOT, and CARIACO

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    Picophytoplankton carbon biomass at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site from June 2004 to December 2010 was estimated from the direct calibration of cellular carbon content and forward light scatter (via flow cytometry). Seasonality and interannual dynamics of Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and small eukaryotic algae (<12 mu m diameter) abundance, cellular carbon content (Q(C); particulate organic carbon; POC cell(-1)), and group-specific carbon biomass are reported. Q(C) of individual taxa varied with depth and season by as much as an order of magnitude, roughly comparable to variability in abundance. During the time-series there were obvious shifts in the taxonomic distribution of photosynthetic carbon biomass; these interannual shifts in biomass were due to simultaneous changes in both Q(C) and cell abundance. The observed pattern was not apparent from numerical abundance alone, highlighting the importance of Q(C) measurements in place of using fixed conversion factors to better understand biological carbon dynamics. Changes in the phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) from positive to negative modes correlated with shifts in biomass between picocyanobacteria and small eukaryotic algae, respectively. Thus, shifts in algal community structure are inferred to be associated with changes in light intensity and implied nutrient supply via mixing (i.e., patterns in upper ocean stability). These observed changes in phytoplankton biomass partitioning were correlated with the important ocean carbon cycle parameters of export flux, mesopelagic transfer efficiency, and elemental stoichiometry. Importantly, interannual relationships between these parameters and algal biomass were detected only when Q(C) was considered as variable
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