Folded-path self-pumped wavelength converter based on four-wave mixing in a semiconductor optical amplifier

A four-wave mixing wavelength converter with no external pump laser and very low input signal power requirements is characterized. The wavelength conversion occurs inside a high-reflection/antireflection coated semiconductor optical amplifier pigtailed with a fiber Bragg grating. The pump signal is provided by the lasing mode at the Bragg wavelength. A 1-mW optical signal modulated at 2.5 Gb/s is converted over 9 mm with error rates below 10^-9

Wavelength conversion by cavity-enhanced injection-locked four-wavemixing in a fiber-Bragg-grating coupled diode laser

Four-wave mixing (FWM) in a fiber-Bragg-grating (FBG) coupled semiconductor laser is investigated. We show that a large resonance enhancement of the FWM conversion efficiency can be obtained when the laser cavity is injection-locked by the converted signal, and apply this technique to the wavelength conversion of 1-Gb/s modulated signals. Furthermore, we discuss how the spectral width of these resonances can be increased to make this approach suitable to higher bit rates

Wavelength conversion for WDM communication systems using four-wavemixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers

Four-wave mixing (FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifiers is an attractive mechanism for wavelength conversion in wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) systems since it provides modulation format and bit rate transparency over wide tuning ranges. A series of systems experiments evaluating several aspects of the performance of these devices at bit rates of 2.5 and 10 Gb/s are presented. Included are single-channel conversion over 18 nm of shift at 10 Gb/s, multichannel conversion, and cascaded conversions. In addition time resolved spectral analysis of wavelength conversion is presented

Wavelength conversion up to 18 nm at 10 Gb/s by four-wave mixing in a semiconductor optical amplifier

We characterize the conversion bandwidth of a four-wave mixing semiconductor optical amplifier wavelength converter. Conversion of 10-Gb/s signals with bit-error-rate (BER) performance of <10^-9 is demonstrated for wavelength down-shifts of up to 18 nm and upshifts of up to 10 nm

Cascaded wavelength conversion by four-wave mixing in a strained semiconductor optical amplifier at 10 Gb/s

We demonstrate for the first time cascaded wavelength conversion by four-wave mixing in a semiconductor optical amplifier. Bit-error-rate performance of <10^-9 at 10 Gb/s is achieved for two conversions of up to 9 nm down and up in wavelength. For two wavelength conversions of 5 nm down and up, a power penalty of 1.3 dB is measured. A system of two wavelength converters spanning 40 km of single-mode fiber is also demonstrated

Inter disciplinary approach to aquaculture - with special reference to Damdama, Haryana

Successful aquaculture development depends not only on the economic evaluation of the cost parameters involved, but also a careful consideration of various bio-socio-economic factors is required. Financial viability has to be linked with location specific technology packaging within the framework of integrated rural development

Wavelength conversion by four-wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers

Time-resolved spectral analysis is performed on 10 Gb/s signals wavelength converted by four-wave mixing (FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifiers. A pattern-dependent chirp resulting from parasitic gain modulation by the signal is measured and characterized as a function of the converter's pump-to-probe ratio. This chirp is found to be insignificant for pump-to-probe ratios exceeding 9 dB

Time-resolved Spectral Analysis Of Phase Conjugation By Four-wave Mixing In Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

Optical phase conjugation provides a mechanism for achieving dispersion compensation in optical fibers. This has been demonstrated by four-wave mixing (FWM) in both fiber and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). Imperfect phase conjugation will prevent exact reconstruction of a dispersed data stream. Here we use time-resolved spectral analysis (TRSA) to evaluate the performance of FWM in SOAs for phase conjugation

Home Automation Using Arduino and ESP8266

With the advent of technology, life has become faster in pace and shorter in interactions, with others, as well as with the surroundings. In such a scenario, there is a need to have an endeavor to have everything at the push of a button away, and more importantly, automated. Home Automation is such an endeavor, in which, all the electrical appliances present at home are connected to each other, having interactions with sensors placed at strategic positions in a closed loop manner in order to perform meager tasks automatically, leaving less burden on the humans. With this project we are promoting the fact that Home Automation can greatly contribute to energy conservation too