Successful aquaculture development depends not only on the economic evaluation of the cost parameters involved, but also a careful consideration of various bio-socio-economic factors is required. Financial viability has to be linked with location specific technology packaging within the framework of integrated rural development

Jain, Atul K.

Mathur, Sondip K.

Subbarao, P.V.

Aquatic Commons

Journal of the Indian Fisheries Association 
8+9, 1978-79, 37-43. 
INTER DtSCIPLINARY APPROACH TO AQUACULTURE - WITH 
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DAMDAMA, HARYANA 
SoNDIP K. MATHUR, AruL K. JAIN & P. V. SuBBARAO 
Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Bombay-400 061. 
ABSTRACT 
Successful aquaculture development depends not only on the economic evaluation 
of the cost parameters involved, but also a careful consideration of various biosocio-econmic 
factors is required. Financial viability has to be iinked with location specific tecnnology packa-
ging within the framework of integrated rural development. 
INTRODUCTION 
The aquaculture industry, in India, is developing from collections of small 
enterpreneurial establishments to a stage where much larger investments are being 
considered by more cost conscious individuals and institutions. 1ncreasingly it is 
being recognised that aquaculture can be integrated with agriculture and is a 
strong tool to bring about socio-economic uplift in rural areas. 
In India traditional agrieultural practices predominate and fish farming is 
basically a new concept. The agricultural sector is the major component of the 
national economy, diversification and implementation of new practices have to be 
viewed from the macro aspects of biosocio-economics, that is, transfer or techno-
logy, updating of rural manpywer, rural integrated development, institutional 
finance, etc. 
The Cl FE, Bombay, has undertaken a research-cum-pilot project in fish seed 
production at Damdama (Gurgaon Distt.) in Haryana. It has successfully establi-
shed an aquaculture enterprise and profitably institutionalized its technology. The 
technology adopted is constituted in the demonstration of fish hatchery model, 
Cl FE-D-81, implemented at a capital cost of about 1.49 lakhs. 
The problems associated with fish seed production in a semiarid zone have 
been overcome by undertaking fish breeding in controlled hatchery. Factors in-
fluencing officiency in production are the hatchery units, spawn tank and the 
38 MATHUR, JAIN & SUBBARAO 
nursery. The returns to technology have been high, spawn production was 57 
lakhs 1n 1982, 66 lakhs in 1983, and there was a phenomenal increase to 1883 
lakhs in 1984. 
ECONOMICS 
Rational investment decisions require basic cost information. Economic 
evaluation of existing operations must be made available to potential investors. 
The reliability of the basic input and output figures in a profitability analysis 
depends on technical, economic and managerial factors. The species to be farmed 
determine the accuracy of technical information on biological and design require-
ments, changes in economic factors such as capital costs, variable input costs, 
or sales revenues, have significant effeets on the apparent profitability of a project. 
However, unfortunately most of the risk and uncertainty in fish farming is associ-
ated with the quality of husbandry and management, and such human factors 
are generally unqantifiable. 
Costs of any particular operation may differ considerably as they tend to be 
location-specific. The figures presented in Table I and II are intended only as exa-
mples of particular parameters and variables involved. 
Table I : Capital costs 
Item 
Equipment of 24 Jar Hatchery Complex 
Cost of pool., 6x3 ft. (6 nos.) 
Hatchery 8ucket, 24 nos. 
Hapa (nylon), 6 nos. 
Pipes, etc" 
Air Compressor with trolley 
Aeration accessories, etc. 
Hatchery jars with stand 
Tullu pump, Diesel pump 
Water storage tank 
Breeding tanks 
Others 
Subtotal 
Land and Building Costs 
Building 
Cost of wasteland (2.5 ha.) 
Contructionfdevelopment costs 
(total operational a~ea is 1.2 ha} 
Subtotal 
Rate (Rs.) 
2.000 
600 
6,00 
17,000/acre 
14.5/100 sq. ft. 
Amount (Rs.) 
12.000 
14,400 
36,000 
8,673.7 
10,000 
6,875 
10,000 
17,000 
16,000 
12,000 
5,620.3 
1,48,569 
1,05,000 
1,06,250 
16,119.36 
2,27,369.36 
Grand Total (capital costs) 3,75,938.36 
INTER DISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO AUACULTURE 39 
Table II : Establishment expenses, operational costs, depreciation interest 
total Expenditure, gross and net incomes (imputed) 
Item 
Establishment expenses 
Salary (imputed) of manager (annual) 
Skilled workers {4 nos.) 
Miscellaneous 
Subtotal 
Operational Costs 
Brooders (300 kg.) 
Pituitary glands ( 4 gms.) 
Manuring ( 40 quintals) 
Feeding Costs for 1.2 ha. 
oil cake, 6 quintals (1 ha.) 
rice bran, 6 quintals (1 ha.) 
Glassware. nets, etc. 
Miscellaneous 
Subtotal 
Depreciation 
Buildings. Construction costs, Hatchery 
Glassware, nets, etc. 
Subtotal 
Rate (Rs.) 
1,00/month 
360/month 
15/kg 
15/qn. 
200/qn. 
1 00/qn. 
10%/annum 
30%/annum 
Interest on total capital costs (3,75,938.36 12%/annum 
Total Expenditure (Grand Total 
Gross Income (imputed) for 1984, Total spewn production 
was 18.8 million 
13.8 millon spawn 
2.5 million fish fry 
(5 million stocked, 50% survival rate) 
Subtotal 
400/lakh 
50/1000 
Net Income (Gross income less total F:xpenditure for 1.2 ha.) 
Net incomefhactare is Rs. 40,867.16 
Amount 
12,000 
17,280 
5,000 
34,280 
4,500 
4,000 
600 
2,160 
10,000 
538 
21,798 
26,968.8 
3.000 
29,968.8 
45,112.6 
1 ,31, 159A 
55,200 
1,25,000 
1,80,200 
49,040.6 
It should be noted that this project was a research project, intended for 
demonstration in an existing situation. In a recommended project, the need to 
transport fish to another farm for fish seed production may be easily circumvented 
The fish seed will be produced at the farm, though at an additional cost, but 
duplication of resources will be avoided and considerable reduction in expenditure 
on equipment and glassware will accrue. 
40 MATHUR JAIN & SUBBARAO 
State Fisheries Department 
At present Haryana is importing fish from Calcutta. The State Fisheries 
Department (SFD) has over 10 fish farms and aims at achieving self-sufficiency 
in fish seed production. The SFD undertake.s the provision of farms, hatchery 
building, etc. All physical requi~ements are provided, the main requirements being 
brooders, diesel engine, water supply, tubewell, etc Besides, the deptt. is respo-
nsible for the maintenance of farm, building and the finance of manpower. 
The fish spawn produced at Damdama is distributed by the SFD to their 
farms at Rohtak, Rewari, Sonepat, Narnaul, Karnal, Ambala, Sohna, etc. The State 
Govt. has established a Fish FJrmers Development Agency (FFDA) for encoura-
ging and guiding production of fish by local farmers. 
Rural Development and Institutional Finance 
The FFDA sponsors a training programme in culture practices. The partici-
pating farmers are given a stipend of Rs. 15/day. The training, which, extends for 
a fortnight, familiarizes the participants with the basics of fish culture. 
The loans and finance granted by the SFD, bY way of installation, con-
struction and development costs, is based on two categories. Firstly, a loan of 
Rs. 10 000/ha. for old ponds (community ponds and ponds on lease) and secon-
dly, Rs. 30,000/ha. finance for the construction of new ponds. In both the cases 
an additional Rs. 5,000/ha. is provided for the cost of imputs, i. e., fish seed and 
feed For bigger projects, finance of Rs. 25,000 is provided for the 
installation of a tubewell. The respective loan amounts are granted zllongwith a 
25% subsidy. 
Furthermore, the SFD compiles a project report and forwards the case to 
the respective financial institutions. The State Fisheries Department co-operates 
with local farmers in solving their problems regarding decision making and manage-
ment. Besides, i·n collaboration with Gram Pancha.yats it facilitates the auction of 
old village ponds and encourages diversification into fish culture. The Central 
Govt. and the SFDA have distributed kits enabling the farmers to produce 
fish seed, themselves thus encouraging the transfer of technology. 
Scope for the generation of employment is created with finance being gra-
nted under a new self-employment scheme. Haryana being traditionally an agricu-
ltural state, the response of local manpower can be said to be enthusiastic and 
the impact of induced breeding technology favourable. 
DISCUSSION 
The analysis regarding the factors involved in e3tablishing an aquaculture 
enterprise has been presented in the Table Ill and the flow diagram. 
INTER DISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO AQUACULTURE 41 
Table 1!1 : Decision points in implementing Aquaculture Technology 
Decision points 
involved 
Assessment of specific 
factor leading to favourable 
implementation of Aquaculture 
Technology 
Need to increase 
animal protein 
Assessment of consumer 
demand for fish 
Availability of fresh 
fish in market 
Positive 
Positive 
Negative 
Potential to increase 
availability from capture fish 
Negative 
Evaluation of natural 
resource inputs in 
aquaculture 
Cost/benefit analysis 
of Aquaculture versus 
other animal proteins 
Positive 
Positive 
Assessment of infrastructure Positive 
B iosocioecioeconomic 
analysis of alternative 
aquaculture techno-
logies including sper.::ies 
choice 
Select appropriate 
technology, assess 
availability of 
skilled labor, 
assess distribution 
of capital 
Make technology available 
Establish aquaculture enterprise 
Comments 
If negative, then need to 
implement technology may 
not be justified 
If negative, project may 
prove to be unprofitable 
If positive, then fresh fish 
supply will overcome 
demand gap 
If positive, then further 
exploitation of resources 
will remove supply constraint 
If negative; unfavou~able 
conditions for establishing 
enterprise 
If negative, then there wi II 
be a lack of incentive to 
local farmers to diversify 
into aquaculture 
If negative, then explore 
possibility of developing 
infrastructure 
Adjust technology, 
stimulate attitude 
towards proposed 
changes, Establish 
training programme, 
develop credit channel 
DEVELOPMENT 0 F 
AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY 
r 
PERSONALITY AND 
SOCIOECONOMIC I CONCEPTS OF POPULATION 
COMMUNiCATE TO 
TARGET POPULATION 
r 
RECOGNITION AND 
ACCEPTANCE OF 
AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY 
CONSUMER RESPONSE 
TO CUITURE:. PRACTICES 
AND CULTURE PROD-UCTS 
RESOURCES AND 
AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS 
COMPATIBILITY 
TRIAL OF 
TECHNOLOGY 
ADJUSTMENT AND 
REORIENTATION OF 
·AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY 
REJECTION 
ADOPf ION AND ASSIMILATION 
OF AQUACULTURE TECHNOlOGY 
INS TIT UTrONALIZAT ION OF 
AQUACULTURE TECHNO LOGY 
INTER DISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO AQUACULTURE 43 
CONCLUSION 
The project has demonstrated that fish seed production is commercially 
viable in Haryana and if this enterprise is taken up by entrepreneurs. the state 
will become self sufficient in fish seed production. 
Successful aquaculture development depends upon careful consideration 
and the harmonizing of economic. socio-cultural, scientific, and technological 
factors. If any are overlooked, projects may faill. It is the location-specific differe-
rences that make technology packaging difficult and adaptation to locally preva-
iling conditions. The need is for an interdisciplinary approach to aquaculture 
development. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
This project has been conducted under the guidance of Dr. S. N. Dwivedi, 
Director, Cl FE, Bombay, Shri S. D. Mitra is the local Scientist-in-Charge supported 
by Mr Singh and Mr. D. Alkesh. We are thankful to the Dept, of Ocean Develop~ 
ment for providing research support. 


Inter disciplinary approach to aquaculture - with special reference to Damdama, Haryana

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Inter disciplinary approach to aquaculture - with special reference to Damdama, Haryana

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