Did the Sephardic Jews Speak Ladino?

The term ‘Ladino’ has been used by some scholars in reference to the language spoken by the Sephardic Jews. Sometimes it has been used in reference to the language spoken by the Jews in Medieval Spain while at other times scholars have used this term in reference to the language spoken by the Sephardim of the Ottoman Empire in the centuries following their exile from Spain. Both definitions are listed in the dictionary of the Real Academia Española, but is the term accurately defined? This article examines modern and historic uses of the term ‘ladino’ and suggests amending the dictionary to better reflect the particular nuances of this term. It also examines the differences between the terms ‘ladino’ and ‘judeoespañol’ (Judeo-Spanish) and clarifies their proper uses

Judeo-Spanish and Spanglish: Common Considerations for the English Translator of Two Peripheral Lects

In the natural order of language development orality precedes literary production, but elements of the oral tradition do often appear in literature. In this presentation I will look at orality in some Judeo-Spanish and Spanglish texts to see how the study of these two lects together may better inform the translator. Though both are lects of Spanish-speaking communities in the diaspora, Judeo-Spanish and Spanglish may, at first glance, seem to have little else in common. The former is a dying tongue spoken predominantly in Israel. Though the literary tradition in Judeo-Spanish dates back centuries, language preservationists are now in a race against the clock to collect its folktales and oral tradition in writing while the population slowly dwindles. Spanglish, on the other hand, is gaining ever more prestige and attention. While early written evidence of Spanish-English code-switching appeared in personal correspondence in the mid-19th century, the lect had been largely confined to the oral sphere until the late 1990s. The emergence of music and literature in Spanglish marked a turning point for the lect as it began to appear not only as a nod to Hispanic-American culture in an otherwise English or Spanish text, but as main lect of the entirety of the texts. Despite these differences, from the perspective of the English translator of these texts there is a great deal of similarities, particularly insofar as the role that orality plays in the literature of these communities. Rather than isolating each lect, the translator can benefit greatly when considering both when deciding how to translate the work from its position in the periphery of the Spanish literary sphere into English

Electronic Spectra: Topology, Supersymmetry, and Statistics

The description of electronic behavior within solids is a major part of modern Condensed Matter Physics. It is well known that depending on the precise conditions, very diverse phenomena arise from the interacting electrons in the material. To make predictions, it is therefore crucial to understand the electronic structure in a material and to compute its electronic spectrum. This thesis discusses three different aspects of electronic spectra including their numerical solution, each highlighting a distinct approach. In a first part, this thesis presents a numerical solution of many-electron spectra on small clusters of IrO6 octahedra. Such clusters are relevant in the field of strongly coupled matter as they give rise to the elementary building blocks of many topological spin systems, localized j = 1/2 moments. Exact diagonalization of the full many-electron interaction Hamiltonian is utilized to compute multi-particle spectra with respective eigenstates. Subsequently, these eigenstates are further used for numerical calculations of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) amplitudes. The numerical approach is versatile enough to be applied to different examples in this thesis, covering single-site RIXS spectra as in Ba2CeIrO6, materials with local clusters like Ba3InIr2O9 and Ba3Ti3−xIrxO9 and Kitaev materials such as Na2IrO3 and α-RuCl3. In particular, interference effects in the RIXS amplitudes are shown to play a crucial role of determining the nature of delocalized eigenstates in these materials. In a second part, supersymmetry is used to link the spectra of electronic lattice models with bosonic counterparts. To this endeavor, an exact lattice construction is introduced, underlying the supersymmetric identification and providing a visual representation of the supersymmetric matching. As a first instance of the supersymmetric map, it will be shown that models of complex fermions and models of complex bosons are supersymmetrically related if they reside on the two sublattices of a bipartite lattice. Another similar identification is introduced for Majorana fermions on a bipartite lattice which can be related to real boson models on one of the sublattices, allowing for the explicit construction of related mechanical models. As examples of this classical construction, the Kitaev model and a second order topological insulator with floppy corner modes are discussed. In both examples, the supersymmetrically related mechanical model is shown to exhibit the same spectral properties as its quantum mechanical analogue and even inherit topologically protected localized corner modes. In a third part, the electronic spectra of general Moiré materials are investigated at the example of twisted bilayer graphene. This part demonstrates that statistical principles are best suited to describe the vast number of bands originating from the large Moiré unit cells. The statistical description reveals a localization mechanism in momentum space which is investigated and described. The mechanism does not only apply to all parts of the spectrum in twisted bilayer graphene but is also believed to apply to generic Moiré materials. Moreover, exceptions from this general mechanism in twisted bilayer graphene are discussed in detail which turn out to be described by harmonic oscillator states

Theorizing Non-Translation Through the Lens of Queer Studies

https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cwge_research_seminar/1000/thumbnail.jp

Topological Mechanics from Supersymmetry

In topological mechanics, the identification of a mechanical system's rigidity matrix with an electronic tight-binding model allows to infer topological properties of the mechanical system, such as the occurrence of `floppy' boundary modes, from the associated electronic band structure. Here we introduce an approach to systematically construct topological mechanical systems by an exact supersymmetry (SUSY) that relates the bosonic (mechanical) and fermionic (e.g. electronic) degrees of freedom. As examples we discuss mechanical analogues of the Kitaev honeycomb model and of a second-order topological insulator with floppy corner modes. Our SUSY construction naturally defines hitherto unexplored topological invariants for bosonic (mechanical) systems, such as bosonic Wilson loop operators that are formulated in terms of a SUSY-related fermionic Berry curvature.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

Social Support and New Communication Technologies During a Life Stressor

Social support, whether emotional, informational, or tangible (Goldsmith, 2004) is an innate need and is important to our well-being and our personal relationships. While face-to-face communication has been considered the "gold standard" to relational maintenance, we are also using communication technology to maintain our personal relationships and mobilize our social support networks. Technological advances in communication channels have provided new avenues to social interaction and social support. The purpose of this study was to explore the social support process across new communication technologies. Specifically, I examined how multiple modes of communication (including face-to-face) were used to seek and receive social support to/from different relational ties in the midst a life stressor. I also looked at what people did or said to prompt them to use certain communication channels and why. Further, I investigated the types of supportive messages that were being communicated. And, finally, I examined whether those supportive messages were perceived as helpful, or not. Through an in-depth analysis of 23 interviews, results suggested that new communication technologies helped: tell the story, orchestrate tangible support, provide direct and instant access to others, show evidence of quantity, and offer coping outlets. Delving deeper, the results from this project revealed that participants used specific communication channels for specific reasons when in need of support. Last, the results indicated that all three types of social support messages (i.e., emotional, informational, and tangible) were provided to participants via a variety of new communication technologies and relational ties. Moreover, some of the support messages were perceived as helpful, and some were not

El clock de la estación

Fabián Severo’s collection of short stories, Viralata, from which this short story comes, was originally published in Portuñol, a “hybrid” mix of Spanish and Portuguese, as it is spoken near the city of Artigas in northern Uruguay. Portuñol, like other “hybrid” border varieties, has rarely been published, though it would seem that interest is growing since the 1990s, particularly in Uruguay. As a scholar of “hybrid”, diaspora, and transnational languages I decided to explore the possibility of translating this work into Spanglish, the “hybrid” mix of Spanish and English commonly heard among Latinxs in the US. Though the cultural realities of Portuñol speakers and Spanglish speakers are different, there are some important parallels: literature in both has emerged only relatively recently, little has been translated into either language variety, education is not conducted in either, and the dominant discourses around language in both contexts has traditionally favoured literature written in the prestige varieties of English, Spanish, or Portuguese—which should come as no surprise. Given this, I wondered about the experience, aesthetic, and cultural value of putting two distant borders of Spanish in contact through translation. This is my first translation of Fabián Severo’s work

Aktivitätstracker im Alltag: Charakteristika von Motivation und User Diversity zur Erklärung individueller Nutzungstrajektorien

Die fortlaufend stärkere Durchdringung unseres Alltags mit digitalen Technologien wird besonders deutlich durch tragbare Geräte wie Smartphones, auf die jederzeit zugegriffen werden kann. Noch einen Schritt weiter gehen körpernah getragene, vernetzte Self-Tracking-Systeme wie Aktivitätstracker, welche kontinuierlich Bewegungsdaten und physiologische Parameter erfassen, algorithmisch aufbereiten und an die Nutzer*innen als quantifiziertes Feedback, oft zur Verhaltensmodifikation, zurückmelden. Diese spezifische Form der Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Technologie – körpernah, kontinuierlich, quantifiziert, vernetzt und persuasiv – ist für die Ingenieurpsychologie besonders relevant, da sie eine sehr enge Verbindung von Körper und Technik erfordert und spezifische Herausforderungen für die Stärkung der Selbstbestimmung ihrer Nutzer*innen bereithält. Einerseits dienen Aktivitätstracker der erleichterten Selbstreflexion durch Sichtbarmachung von Zusammenhängen, die zuvor verborgen blieben, wie etwa zwischen sportlicher Aktivität und Ruheherzfrequenz. Andererseits sollen Aktivitätstracker die Motivation für körperliche Verhaltensänderungen steigern. Die Nutzung von Aktivitätstrackern bewegt sich also potenziell in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen der Steigerung von Selbstbestimmung durch erweitertes Wissen sowie Aufzeigen von Handlungsoptionen und der Einschränkung der Selbstbestimmung durch persuasive Strategien zur Motivationssteigerung. Dieses Spannungsfeld bedingt neue Ansätze zur Beziehungsgestaltung zwischen Mensch und Trackingsystem. In der empirischen Forschung zur Nutzung von Aktivitätstrackern wird häufig darauf hingewiesen, dass ein Großteil der Nutzenden nach wenigen Wochen oder Monaten den kontinuierlichen Gebrauch beendet. Dieser Befund deutet daraufhin, dass Barrieren existieren, die die Langzeitnutzung unwahrscheinlicher machen. Des Weiteren wird immer wieder über negative Effekte der Trackernutzung berichtet, beispielsweise Stress. Allerdings ist auch bekannt, dass zahlreiche andere Personen ihr Trackingsystem über Jahre hinweg intensiv und erfolgreich gebrauchen. Es lässt sich also in Bezug auf die Nutzungstrajektorien eine bedeutsame Varianz feststellen, die es zu erklären gilt, um Self-Tracking-Anwendungen für diverse Nutzende gewinnbringend zu gestalten. Um diesem Vorhaben gerecht zu werden, ist es unabdingbar zu verstehen, welche individuellen Differenzen in der Gruppe der Nutzer*innen die Interaktion mit dem Aktivitätstracker, insbesondere in Bezug auf motivationale Aspekte, prägen. Dieser Herausforderung stellt sich die vorliegende Dissertation und greift dazu auf etablierte Theorien und Konzepte der Persönlichkeits- und Sozialpsychologie zurück. Da der theoriegeleitete Einbezug von Personenmerkmalen in die ingenieurpsychologische Forschung noch wenig vorangetrieben war, bestand zu Beginn des Promotionsvorhabens die Notwendigkeit, ein Konstrukt zu konzeptualisieren, welches zum einen auf einem stabilen psychologischen Theoriefundament steht und zum anderen spezifisch auf den Kontext der Mensch-Technik-Interaktion zugeschnitten ist. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde aus diesem Grund an der Herleitung der interaktionsbezogenen Technikaffinität (ATI) als kontextspezifische Variante der Denkfreude und ihrer Messbarmachung gearbei-tet. Insgesamt umfassten die Datenerhebungen zur Bestimmung der Gütekriterien der ATI-Skala fünf Datensätze mit über 1500 Teilnehmenden. Das Resultat der Skalenentwicklung ist ein unidimensionales, ökonomisches, reliables und valides Erhebungsinstrument der interaktionsbezogenen Technikaffinität (Artikel 1). Als relativ stabiles Persönlichkeitsmerkmal, das die Motivation zur Auseinandersetzung mit Technik grundlegend beeinflusst, wurde ATI in die folgenden Studien zur Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Aktivitätstracker miteinbezogen. Um die alltägliche, individuelle Mensch-Tracker-Interaktion umfassend zu verstehen und erklären zu können, wie es zu den unterschiedlichen Nutzungsverläufen kommt, müssen verschiedene Phasen der Nutzung untersucht werden. Zunächst ist zu klären, welche Motivatoren Menschen eigentlich dazu veranlassen, mit der Trackernutzung zu beginnen. Weiterhin ist die Nutzungsphase selbst zu beleuchten, um zu beschreiben, wie sich die oben beschriebene, spezifische Form der Trackerinteraktion auf die Nutzungserfahrung und anhaltende Motivation auswirkt und wie sich negative Nutzungskonsequenzen bemerkbar machen. Schließlich sind zum Verständnis der Nutzungstrajektorien die Gründe für den Abbruch zu berücksichtigen, sodass auch die Phase nach der Nutzung relevant ist. Da sich diese Dissertation dezidiert damit beschäftigt, wie sich die Interaktion mit Aktivitätstrackern im Alltag gestaltet, ist die Untersuchung der Nutzung in Stichproben von tatsächlichen bzw. ehemaligen Aktivitätstracker-Nutzer*innen angezeigt. Aus diesem Grund wurden zwei Online-Erhebungen durchgeführt, um ebendiese Stichproben zu erreichen. Das Ziel der ersten Studie (N = 210) war die quantitative Analyse von Nutzungsmotivationen sowie unintendierten, negativen Effekten der Trackernutzung im Alltagsgebrauch. Es zeigte sich, dass das Tracken sowohl zum Selbstzweck (intrinsische Motivation) als auch zur Erreichung eines externen Ziels (extrinsische Motivation) durchgeführt wird und diese Motivationstypen oft gleichzeitig auftreten. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass negative Effekte in Form von Motivationsverlusten in Bezug auf die Trackernutzung und die körperliche Aktivität eine Rolle im Alltag vieler Nutzer*innen spielen. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Auftretens dieser Effekte wird teilweise von Personenmerkmalen wie ATI und der Nutzungsmotivation bestimmt (Artikel 2). Die zweite Studie nahm ehemalige Nutzer*innen (N = 159) in den Blick und fokussierte auf die Erfassung der Gründe für den Nutzungsabbruch sowie die Stabilität der Abbruchentscheidung. Die Ergebnisse machten deutlich, dass zahlreiche Nutzungsbarrieren für die Entscheidung, den Tracker abzulegen, ausschlaggebend sind. Außerdem sind die Abbruchentscheidungen oft nicht permanent, was auf eine episodische Trackernutzung hindeutet (Artikel 3). Schließlich wurden wiederum Personenmerkmale und außerdem Interaktionscharakteristika in Betracht gezogen, um die große Varianz hinsichtlich Abbruchgründen und -permanenz zu erklären. Die Analysen offenbarten unter anderem, dass eine episodische Nutzung (d. h. nicht endgültige Beendigung) wahrscheinlicher ist, wenn sich die Nutzungsmotivation durch einen hohen Grad an Selbstbestimmung auszeichnet (Artikel 4). Abschließend betonen die Befunde der Dissertation die zentrale Rolle der wahrgenommenen Selbstbestimmung im Kontext der Mensch-Tracker-Interaktion und geben Anlass für Designrichtlinien, die die Beziehung zwischen Trackingsystem und Nutzer*in mit all ihren gegenseitigen Abhängigkeiten und individuellen Merkmalen berücksichtigen, um so die Selbstbestimmung zu erhalten oder sogar durch vertieftes Selbstwissen zu stärken.The ongoing permeation of our daily life with digital technologies is particularly evident in wearable devices such as smartphones, which can be accessed at any time. Wearable, connected self-tracking systems such as activity trackers go even a step further. They continuously record movement data and physiological parameters, process them algorithmically and provide quantified feedback to the user, often for behavioral modification. This specific form of interaction between humans and technology – close to the body, continuous, quantified, connected, and persuasive – is particularly relevant for engineering psychology, as it requires a very close connection between body and technology and poses specific challenges for strengthening the self-determination of its users. That is, on the one hand, activity trackers serve to facilitate self-reflection by revealing relationships which were previously hidden, such as the relationship between physical activity and resting heart rate. On the other hand, activity trackers are intended to enhance motivation for physical behavioral changes. The use of activity trackers thus potentially moves in a field of tension between the increase of self-determination through expanded knowledge as well as the identification of behavioral options and the restriction of self-determination through persuasive strategies to increase motivation. This tension requires new approaches to the design of relationships between people and tracking systems. Empirical research on activity tracker usage often highlights that a large proportion of users stop continuous use after a few weeks or months. This finding suggests the existence of barriers that make long-term use less likely. Furthermore, negative effects of tracker use, such as stress, are repeatedly reported. However, it is also known that many other users have enjoyed intensive and successful use of their tracking system for many years. Thus, a significant variance in usage trajectories can be observed, which needs to be explained in order to make self-tracking applications beneficial for diverse users. To meet this goal, it is essential to understand which individual differences in the group of users shape the interaction with their activity tracker, especially with respect to motivational aspects. This dissertation addresses this challenge by drawing on established theories and concepts of personality and social psychology. At the beginning of the dissertation project, the theory-based inclusion of personal characteristics in engineering psychology had not yet been sufficiently advanced. Thus, there was a need to conceptualize a construct which, on the one hand, stands on a stable psychological theoretical foundation and, on the other hand, is specifically tailored to the context of human-technology interaction. For this reason, the conceptualization of affinity for technology interaction (ATI) as a context-specific variant of need for cognition and its measurability took place within the context of the dissertation. In total, the data collection to determine the quality criteria of the ATI scale comprised five data sets with over 1500 participants. The result of the scale development is a unidimensional, economical, reliable, and valid survey instrument of ATI (Article 1). As a relatively stable personality trait that fundamentally influences motivation to engage with technology, ATI was included in subsequent studies of human-activity tracker interaction. In order to comprehensively understand the everyday, individual human-tracker interaction and to be able to explain how the various usage patterns occur, different phases of usage must be examined. First, it must be clarified which motivators actually cause a person to start using a tracker. Furthermore, the usage phase itself must be examined to describe how the specific form of tracker interaction described above affects the usage experience and ongoing motivation, and how negative usage consequences become apparent. Finally, to understand usage trajectories, the reasons for discontinuation need to be considered, hence the post-usage phase is also relevant. Since this dissertation decidedly focuses on the interaction with activity trackers in everyday life, the investigation of actual or former activity tracker users is indicated. For this reason, two online surveys were conducted to assess these actual (former) users. The aim of the first study (N = 210) was to quantitatively analyze motivations for usage as well as unintended, negative effects of tracker usage in daily use. It was shown that tracking is performed both for an end in itself (intrinsic motivation) and to achieve an external goal (extrinsic motivation), and that these motivation types often occur simultaneously. Furthermore, it was shown that negative effects in terms of motivation losses with respect to tracker use as well as physical activity play a role in many users' daily lives. The likelihood of these effects occurring is partly determined by personal characteristics such as ATI and motivation for usage (Article 2). The second study examined former users (N = 159) and focused on the reasons for discontinuing use and the stability of abandonment. The results indicated that numerous barriers to use are decisive for the decision to discontinue tracking. In addition, abandonment decisions are often not permanent, suggesting episodic tracker use (Article 3). Finally, person and interaction characteristics were considered to explain the large variance in abandonment reasons and permanence. The analyses revealed, among other things, that episodic use (i.e., not definitive termination) is more likely when the motivation for usage is characterized by a high degree of self-determination (Article 4). In conclusion, the findings of the dissertation emphasize the central role of perceived self-determination in the context of human-tracker interaction and give rise to design guidelines that take into account the relationship between the tracking system and the user with all its interdependencies and individual characteristics in order to preserve or even strengthen self-determination through deeper self-knowledge

Deconfinement and Chiral Restoration in Hot and Dense Matter

We propose a picture that the chiral phase transition at zero quark mass and the deconfinement transition at infinite quark mass are continuously connected. This gives a simple interpretation on the coincidence of the pseudo-critical temperatures observed in lattice QCD. We discuss a possible dynamical mechanism behind the simultaneous crossovers and show the results in a model study.Comment: Contributed to the XXII International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice2004(nonzero)), Batavia, Illinois, Jun 21-26, 200

What impacts early language skills? : Effects of social disparities and different process characteristics of the home learning environment in the first 2 years

It is well documented that the language skills of preschool children differ substantially and that these differences are highly predictive of their later academic success and achievements. Especially in the early phases of children’s lives, the importance of different structural and process characteristics of the home learning environment (HLE) has been emphasized and research results have documented that process characteristics such as the quality of parental interaction behavior and the frequency of joint activities vary according to the socio-economic status (SES) of the family. Further, both structural and process characteristics are associated with children’s language development. As most of the studies focus on single indicators or didn’t take the dynamics of parenting behavior across age into account, the present paper aims to investigate the associations of different characteristics of the home learning environment as well as their potentially changing impact on the language skills of 2-year-old children. Using data of 2.272 families of the infant cohort study of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), longitudinally assessed process characteristics (sensitivity in the sense of maternal responsivity to the child’s behavior and signals in mother–child interaction; maternal stimulation behavior which goes beyond the child’s actual level of action and development; frequency of joint picture book reading) and structural characteristics (mother’s education, equivalised household income, parental occupational status) were considered. Language skills (vocabulary and grammar) of the children at the age of two were measured by a standardized and validated parent report instrument (child language checklist). Results showed that (1) all three process characteristics of the home learning environment (HLE) are associated with the family’s SES; (2) across three assessment waves nearly all process characteristics predicted children’s vocabulary and grammar skills with some process-specific changes across waves; (3) despite separate direct effects of nearly all HLE-process characteristics in each wave, the amount of explained variance in a joint model including the HLE facets from each wave is hardly higher than in the separate models; and (4) socioeconomic background predicted both language facets of the children in each model even when controlling for the assessed process characteristics of the home learning environment