Head injury at Reykjavík Hospital, intensive care unit, 1994-1998

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn View/OpenObjective: Reykjavík Hospital is the main trauma hospital in Iceland, receiving all severe head injuries in the country. Incidence of head injury and mortality has been decreasing in the last decades. The aim of this study was to analyse data on admission, treatment and outcome of patients admitted to intensive care unit with severe head injury and compare with other countries. Material and methods: In this study we looked retrospectively at the incidence of severe head injuries admitted to the intensive care unit at Reykjavik Hospital 1994-1998. Number of patients, type of injury, length of stay, length of ventilator treatment. Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), APACHE II (Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation) score and mortality was analysed. Results: A total of 236 patients was admitted with an average of 47 patients per year. Traffic accidents were the most common cause of injury and mortality was 11.7%. Ethanol consumption was seen in many cases where fall was the cause of accident, most often in the year 1998 in 75% of cases. Mortality of patients with GCS 8 that was 40% of the patients was must higher or 24.7% compared with patients with GCS >8 where mortality was 3.4%. There was an increase in admissions in 1998, with more severe injuries and significantly longer length of stay and ventilator treatment. Conclusions: Number of patients with head injury was decreasing in comparison with older studies. The results of treatment are rather good in comparison with other countries with relatively low mortality, or 11.7% versus 15-20% in nearby countries. There has been improvement of outcome in patients with the most severe head injury (GCS 8) since 20 years ago, where up to 50% of the patients died but in our study mortality was 24.7%. Alcohol consumption was seen in 46% of cases where fall was the cause of head injury. Those that suffer head trauma are most often young people and preventive measures must continue with full strength in order to decrease the incidence of accidents in our society.Tilgangur: Höfuðáverkum hefur farið fækkandi á síðustu áratugum auk þess sem dánartíðni hefur farið lækkandi. Tilgangur rannsóknarinnar var að athuga hvort slík þróun hefði átt sér stað hér á landi síðastliðin ár. Efniviður og aðferðir: Farið var yfir tölvuskráningu allra sjúklinga sem lögðust inn á gjörgæsludeild Sjúkrahúss Reykjavíkur vegna höfuðáverka á árunum 1994-1998. Athugað var hver slysavaldur var auk þess sem ástand sjúklings við komu var kannað. Einnig var leitað eftir hvernig meðferð þeirra var háttað á gjörgæsludeild og ástand við útskrift. Niðurstöður: Alls lögðust 236 sjúklingar inn á gjörgæsludeild á tímabilinu sem er að meðaltali 47 sjúklingar á ári. Umferðarslys voru algengasta orsök höfuðáverka eða í 43% tilfella og dánartíðni var 11,7%. Ölvun var samverkandi orsök í mörgum tilfellum þar sem um fall var að ræða, mest árið 1998 eða 75%. Dánartíðni þeirra sem voru greindir með alvarlegustu höfuðáverkana, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) 8 eða minna, sem voru um 40% sjúklinganna, var miklu hærri eða 24,7% á móti 3,4% ef GCS var yfir 8. Sjúklingar sem lögðust inn á árinu 1998 voru með alvarlegri höfuðáverka og meðaltími þeirra sem þurftu að vera í öndunarvél var lengri en árin á undan. Ályktanir: Fjöldi þeirra sem lögðust inn á gjörgæsludeild vegna höfuðáverka fór lækkandi í samanburði við eldri rannsókn sem gerð var hér á landi. Dánartíðni var 11,7% sem er lægri tíðni en meðal nágrannaþjóða okkar en þar er dánartíðni 15-20%. Umtalsverður árangur hefur náðst varðandi meðferð sjúklinga með alvarlegustu höfuðáverkana (GCS 8 eða minna) þar sem dánartíðni hefur lækkað um helming miðað við fyrir 20 árum. Ölvun var samverkandi þáttur í mörgum tilfellum þar sem um fall var að ræða auk þess sem það var vaxandi vandamál á tímabilinu. Aukinn fjöldi sjúklinga með alvarlegri áverka á seinustu tveim árum bendir til að enn sé þörf á öflugu forvarnarstarfi

Cell-phone traces reveal infection-associated behavioral change

To access publisher's full text version of this article, please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field or click on the hyperlink at the top of the page marked DownloadEpidemic preparedness depends on our ability to predict the trajectory of an epidemic and the human behavior that drives spread in the event of an outbreak. Changes to behavior during an outbreak limit the reliability of syndromic surveillance using large-scale data sources, such as online social media or search behavior, which could otherwise supplement healthcare-based outbreak-prediction methods. Here, we measure behavior change reflected in mobile-phone call-detail records (CDRs), a source of passively collected real-time behavioral information, using an anonymously linked dataset of cell-phone users and their date of influenza-like illness diagnosis during the 2009 H1N1v pandemic. We demonstrate that mobile-phone use during illness differs measurably from routine behavior: Diagnosed individuals exhibit less movement than normal (1.1 to 1.4 fewer unique tower locations; [Formula: see text]), on average, in the 2 to 4 d around diagnosis and place fewer calls (2.3 to 3.3 fewer calls; [Formula: see text]) while spending longer on the phone (41- to 66-s average increase; [Formula: see text]) than usual on the day following diagnosis. The results suggest that anonymously linked CDRs and health data may be sufficiently granular to augment epidemic surveillance efforts and that infectious disease-modeling efforts lacking explicit behavior-change mechanisms need to be revisited. Keywords: call detail records; disease; influenza; outbreak; surveillance.Alan Turing Institute Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council EP/N510129/1 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Medical Research Council UK (MRC) European Commission National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Brist

Bone remodeling effect of a chitosan and calcium phosphate-based composite.

To access publisher's full text version of this article, please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field or click on the hyperlink at the top of the page marked DownloadChitosan is a biocompatible polymer that has been widely studied for tissue engineering purposes. The aim of this research was to assess bone regenerative properties of an injectable chitosan and calcium phosphate-based composite and identify optimal degree of deacetylation (%DDA) of the chitosan polymer. Drill holes were generated on the left side of a mandible in Sprague-Dawley rats, and the hole was either left empty or filled with the implant. The animals were sacrificed at several time points after surgery (7-22 days) and bone was investigated using micro-CT and histology. No significant new bone formation was observed in the implants themselves at any time points. However, substantial new bone formation was observed in the rat mandible further away from the drill hole. Morphological changes indicating bone formation were found in specimens explanted on Day 7 in animals that received implant. Similar bone formation pattern was seen in control animals with an empty drill hole at later time points but not to the same extent. A second experiment was performed to examine if the %DDA of the chitosan polymer influenced the bone remodeling response. The results suggest that chitosan polymers with %DDA between 50 and 70% enhance the natural bone remodeling mechanism.Technology Development Fun

Historical lava flow fields at Hekla volcano, South Iceland

Publisher's version (útgefin grein)Hekla volcano is known to have erupted at least 23 times in historical time (last 1100 years); often producing mixed eruptions of tephra and lava. The lava flow volumes from the 20th century have amounted 80% to almost 100% of the entire erupted volume. Therefore, evaluating the extent and volume of individual lava flows is very important when assessing the historical productivity of Hekla volcano. Here we present new maps of the historical lava flow fields at Hekla in a digital format. The maps were produced at a scale of 1:2000–10000 using a catalogue of orthophotos since 1945, acquired before and after each of the last five eruptions, combined with field observation of stratigraphy, soil profiles, tephra layers and vegetation cover. The new lava flow maps significantly improve the historical eruptive history of Hekla, prior to the 1947 eruption. The historical lava flow fields from Hekla cover 233 km2 and the lavas reach up to 16 km from Hekla volcano. Flow lengths up to 20 km are known, though lava flows only travelled up to 8–9 km from Hekla in the last 250 years. Identified historical vents are distributed between 0 and 16 km from Hekla volcano and vents are known to have migrated up to 5 km away from Hekla during eruptions. We have remapped the lava flow fields around Hekla and assigned the identified flow fields to 16 eruptions. In addition, ca. 60 unidentified lava units, which may be of historical age, have been mapped. It is expected that some of these units are from known historical Hekla eruptions such as the 1222, 1341, 1510, 1597, 1636 and potentially even from the previously excluded eruptions such as 1436/1439.Hekla hefur gosið 23 sinnum svo vitað sé síðan land byggðist. Oftast hafa gosin verið blandgos og framleitt bæði gjósku og hraun. Í gosum 20. aldar var hlutfall hrauns á milli 80–100% af gosefnunum svo þau skipta verulegu máli þegar framleiðni eldstöðvarkerfisins er metin. Í þessari grein eru birtar niðurstöður stafrænnar kortlagningar á Hekluhraunum frá sögulegum tíma eins langt aftur í tímann og unnt er. Þetta er engan veginn auðvelt viðfangsefni á svo virku eldfjalli sem Hekla er, því ný hraun hylja þau sem fyrir eru. Hraunakortin eru gerð í mælikvarða 1:2000–10000 og styðjast við uppréttaðar loftmyndir sem teknar hafa verið síðan 1945, bæði fyrir og eftir síðustu fimm eldgos. Einnig er stuðst við innbyrðis afstöðu hraunanna, landslagsform, jarðvegssnið, gjóskulög og gróðurþekju. Tekist hefur að bæta talsvert hraunakort Heklu og gert hefur verið kort af hraunum sem runnu fyrir gosið mikla 1947. Hraun frá eldstöðvarkerfi Heklu á sögulegum tíma þekja u.þ.b. 233 km2 lands. Hraun hafa runnið allt að 16 km vegalengd frá megineldstöðinni og hraunstraumar hafa náð 20 km lengd. Á síðustu 250 árum hafa hraun þó aðeins runnið 8–9 km frá megineldstöðinni. Eldvörp á sögulegum tíma dreifast allt að 16 km út frá megineldstöðinni. Í sumum gosum hefur eldvirknin færst um allt að 5 km út frá eldstöðinni þega leið á gosið. Borin hafa verið kennsl á hraun frá 16 gosum og að auki hafa um 60 hraunflákar verið kortlagðir sem gætu verið frá gosum á sögulegum tíma. Þessi hraun eru líklega frá þekktum gosum, s.s. 1222, 1341, 1510, 1597 og 1636 en þau gætu líka verið að einhverju leyti frá gosum sem þótt hafa vafasöm, á árunum 1436–1439.Icelandic Research fund, Grant of Excellence No. 152266-052 (Project EMMIRS)Peer Reviewe

Skilyrði einkaleyfaverndar. Mat á nýnæmi og frumleika við umsókn um einkaleyfavernd

Í þessari ritgerð er að finna umfjöllun um skilyrði einkaleyfaverndar. Lögð er sértsök áhersla á skilyrðin um nýnæmi og frumleika auk samspils þessara skilyrða

Hríðargöngur í skáldsögum : samanburður þriggja íslenskra skáldsagna

Með smíði þessarar ritgerðar er ætlunin að skyggnast inn í hríðargöngur, ferðir þriggja aðalpersóna jafnmargra skáldverka, þegar þær leggja í tvísýnar ferðir upp á fjöll um hávetur. Þau skáldverk sem hér um ræðir eru Sjálfstætt fólk Halldórs Laxness, Aðventa Gunnars Gunnarssonar og Himnarík og helvíti eftir Jón Kalman Stefánsson. Leitast verður við að draga fram sameiginlega efnisþætti sagnanna, hvort þær geymi sameiginlegan þráð eða þræði í efnistökum ásamt því að greina hvað skilur þær að. „Hríðarganga“ sögupersóna er einungis lítill hluti, hvort tveggja í Sjálfstæðu fólki og Himnaríki og helvíti en í Aðventu fjallar sú bók nær öll um hríðargöngu, - baráttu aðalpersónunnar við náttúruöflin, óblítt veðurfarið uppi á fjöllum síðla veturs. Í þessum tilgangi verða aðalpersónum sagnanna gerð skil og þær bornar saman, annars vegar í hríðargöngu þeirra og hins vegar hvaða myndir það eru sem sögurnar draga fram um lífshlaup þeirra og persónuleika, atgervi, tengsl þeirra við samferðarfólk sitt og umhverfi ásamt lýsingum á viðhorfi þeirra og gildismati. Þá er hér í ritsmíð þessari umfjöllun um frekari samband verkanna. Þar er stuðst við tvö sjónarhorn, annars vegar völdum efnisþáttum úr sögunum og hins vegar tengslum höfundanna, þ.e. hvort álykta megi að þeir séu undir áhrifum hverjir af öðrum við samningu þessara verka sinna í því sögulega samhengi, þ.e.a.s. hvort Gunnar hafi samið Aðventu undir áhrifum fyrsta hluta Sjálfstæðs fólks Halldórs Laxness og þess hvort Jón Kalmann hafi skrifað Himnaríki og helvíti undir áhrifum frá Aðventu Gunnars Gunnarssonar

Head injury at Reykjavík Hospital, intensive care unit, 1994-1998

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn View/OpenObjective: Reykjavík Hospital is the main trauma hospital in Iceland, receiving all severe head injuries in the country. Incidence of head injury and mortality has been decreasing in the last decades. The aim of this study was to analyse data on admission, treatment and outcome of patients admitted to intensive care unit with severe head injury and compare with other countries. Material and methods: In this study we looked retrospectively at the incidence of severe head injuries admitted to the intensive care unit at Reykjavik Hospital 1994-1998. Number of patients, type of injury, length of stay, length of ventilator treatment. Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), APACHE II (Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation) score and mortality was analysed. Results: A total of 236 patients was admitted with an average of 47 patients per year. Traffic accidents were the most common cause of injury and mortality was 11.7%. Ethanol consumption was seen in many cases where fall was the cause of accident, most often in the year 1998 in 75% of cases. Mortality of patients with GCS 8 that was 40% of the patients was must higher or 24.7% compared with patients with GCS >8 where mortality was 3.4%. There was an increase in admissions in 1998, with more severe injuries and significantly longer length of stay and ventilator treatment. Conclusions: Number of patients with head injury was decreasing in comparison with older studies. The results of treatment are rather good in comparison with other countries with relatively low mortality, or 11.7% versus 15-20% in nearby countries. There has been improvement of outcome in patients with the most severe head injury (GCS 8) since 20 years ago, where up to 50% of the patients died but in our study mortality was 24.7%. Alcohol consumption was seen in 46% of cases where fall was the cause of head injury. Those that suffer head trauma are most often young people and preventive measures must continue with full strength in order to decrease the incidence of accidents in our society.Tilgangur: Höfuðáverkum hefur farið fækkandi á síðustu áratugum auk þess sem dánartíðni hefur farið lækkandi. Tilgangur rannsóknarinnar var að athuga hvort slík þróun hefði átt sér stað hér á landi síðastliðin ár. Efniviður og aðferðir: Farið var yfir tölvuskráningu allra sjúklinga sem lögðust inn á gjörgæsludeild Sjúkrahúss Reykjavíkur vegna höfuðáverka á árunum 1994-1998. Athugað var hver slysavaldur var auk þess sem ástand sjúklings við komu var kannað. Einnig var leitað eftir hvernig meðferð þeirra var háttað á gjörgæsludeild og ástand við útskrift. Niðurstöður: Alls lögðust 236 sjúklingar inn á gjörgæsludeild á tímabilinu sem er að meðaltali 47 sjúklingar á ári. Umferðarslys voru algengasta orsök höfuðáverka eða í 43% tilfella og dánartíðni var 11,7%. Ölvun var samverkandi orsök í mörgum tilfellum þar sem um fall var að ræða, mest árið 1998 eða 75%. Dánartíðni þeirra sem voru greindir með alvarlegustu höfuðáverkana, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) 8 eða minna, sem voru um 40% sjúklinganna, var miklu hærri eða 24,7% á móti 3,4% ef GCS var yfir 8. Sjúklingar sem lögðust inn á árinu 1998 voru með alvarlegri höfuðáverka og meðaltími þeirra sem þurftu að vera í öndunarvél var lengri en árin á undan. Ályktanir: Fjöldi þeirra sem lögðust inn á gjörgæsludeild vegna höfuðáverka fór lækkandi í samanburði við eldri rannsókn sem gerð var hér á landi. Dánartíðni var 11,7% sem er lægri tíðni en meðal nágrannaþjóða okkar en þar er dánartíðni 15-20%. Umtalsverður árangur hefur náðst varðandi meðferð sjúklinga með alvarlegustu höfuðáverkana (GCS 8 eða minna) þar sem dánartíðni hefur lækkað um helming miðað við fyrir 20 árum. Ölvun var samverkandi þáttur í mörgum tilfellum þar sem um fall var að ræða auk þess sem það var vaxandi vandamál á tímabilinu. Aukinn fjöldi sjúklinga með alvarlegri áverka á seinustu tveim árum bendir til að enn sé þörf á öflugu forvarnarstarfi

Tengir : service portal

Final project in collaboration with Tengir hf. Documentation of the process of making the service portal

Mineralization in a Critical Size Bone-Gap in Sheep Tibia Improved by a Chitosan-Calcium Phosphate-Based Composite as Compared to Predicate Device

Funding Information: Funding: This work was supported by the Technology Development Fund, managed by the Icelandic Centre for Research [RAN 090303-0246]. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Deacetylated chitin derivatives have been widely studied for tissue engineering purposes. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of an injectable product containing a 50% deacetylated chitin derivative (BoneReg-Inject™) and an existing product (chronOS Inject®) serving as a predicate device. A sheep model with a critical size drill hole in the tibial plateau was used. Holes of 8 mm diameter and 30 mm length were drilled bilaterally into the proximal area of the tibia and BoneReg-Inject™ or chronOS Inject® were injected into the right leg holes. Comparison of resorption and bone formation in vivo was made by X-ray micro-CT and histological evaluation after a live phase of 12 weeks. Long-term effects of BoneReg-Inject™ were studied using a 13-month live period. Significant differences were observed in (1) amount of new bone within implant (p < 0.001), higher in BoneReg-Inject™, (2) signs of cartilage tissue (p = 0.003), more pronounced in BoneReg-Inject™, and (3) signs of fibrous tissue (p < 0.001), less pronounced in BoneReg-Inject™. Mineral content at 13 months postoperative was significantly higher than at 12 weeks (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, for implant core and rim, respectively). The data demonstrate the potential of deacetylated chitin derivatives to stimulate bone formation.Peer reviewe