Stock markets in developing countries : key issues and a research agenda

There is much debate in both developed and developing countries about what kinds of financial institutions and markets best serve economic growth. To what extent can the superior performance of Japanese and German economies be attributed to their market-based system (with a focus on short-term gains)? Prominent in current debates about the competitiveness of industrial nations are issues of corporate financial structure and financial market organization. Drawing on recent experiences in India and Korea, the authors consider key issues that arise in connection with the development of equity markets in developing countries. Under what conditions does it make sense to encourage the development of equity markets? Is a functioning equity market a prerequisite for the liberalization of the banking system? Is it useful to think in terms of an optimal debt/equity mix for a developing economy, or for a corporation in a developing economy? What is the appropriate regulatory regime for a developing country's securities market? Without effective regulation, international investors will not have the confidence to commit the resources to developing country markets. Good managment skills are scarce in developing countries. How can matters be arranged to make optimal use of those resources? The stock market's role in effecting changes in corporate governance could be enormously helpful to economic development.Economic Theory&Research,Financial Intermediation,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism

Regulation of securities markets : some recent trends and their implications for emerging markets

Recent rapid changes in the world economy, particularly the transformation of command economies into free market economies in many places around the world, can be expected to lead to an increase in the number of newly created securities markets through the 1990s. This follows a decade of unprecedented change in the world's securities markets. In the 1990s, it is expected that increased attention will be given to newly established and emerging securities markets as a result of the historic movement toward free market economies in central Europe and the Soviet Union and the need for more efficient capital markets to support the expanding role of the private sector in many developing countries around the world. Given the importance of the regulatory environment to capital market development, this paper focuses on the regulatory issues. It examines the interplay between regulation and market efficiency and reviews recent development in regulation, paying particular attention to the experience in the Korean market in the 1980s.Environmental Economics&Policies,Insurance&Risk Mitigation,Insurance Law,Markets and Market Access,Financial Intermediation

The 1984/85 Miners strike in East Durham, A study in contemporary history.

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Abdominal aortic aneurysms

Abdominal Aortic Aneursym (AAA) is an enlargement of the aorta. The aorta is the main artery that runs from the heart suppling oxygented blood to all the major organs. AAA tended only to be found by coincIndence when patients underwent some form of imaging, although in many cases AAA went undiagnosed until rupture occurred. The survival rate following rupture of AAA is only around 20%, meaning that for 80% of patients a rupture would be fatal, (Mureebe et al., 2008). To try and eliminate death from rupturing of AAA the National Abdominal Aortic Anneursym Screening Programme (NAAASP) was introduced in England in 2008, with the national roll out of the programme completed in 2012. Similar programmes were introduced across Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland in 2013. Across the UK the NAAASP invites all men in their 65th year to attend screening for abdominal aortic aneursym. With the full implementation of NAAASP nurses working in primary care will come into contact with men invited for screening or patients undergoing regular surviellence of known AAA. This article aims to provide an update for practice based nurses reviewing knowledge and evidence base relating to the causes, management and treatment of patients with known AAA

Can general practitioner commissioning deliver equity and excellence? : Evidence from two studies of service improvement in the English NHS

Objectives: To explore some of the key assumptions underpinning the continued development of general practitioner-led commissioning in health services. Methods: Qualitative data from two studies of service improvement in the English NHS were considered against England's plans for GP-led commissioning. These data were collected through in-depth interviews with a total of 187 professionals and 99 people affected by services in 10 different primary care trust areas across England between 2008 and 2009. Results: Internationally, GPs are seen to have a central position in health systems. In keeping with this, the English policy places emphasis on the 'pivotal role' of general practitioners, considered to be ideally placed to commission in the best interests of their patients. However, our evidence suggests that general practitioners do not always have a pivotal role for all patients. Moreover, it is planned that the new commissioning groups in England will not be subject to top-down performance management and this raises the question of how agreed quality standards will be met under the proposed new system. Conclusions: This paper questions the assumption that GPs are best placed to commission health services in a way that meets quality standards and leads to equitable outcomes. There is little evidence to suggest that GPs will succeed where others have failed and a risk that, without top-down performance management, service improvement will be patchy, leading to greater, not reduced, inequity

The Role of F-box Only Protein 2 (Fbxo2) in Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing and Synaptic Dynamics.

Proper protein quality control is essential for neuronal health and function, and there is substantial evidence for the dysregulation of proteostasis in a wide range of neuropathological conditions including the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Diminished function of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System, the major cellular pathway for the clearance of toxic or unwanted proteins, likely contributes to disease pathogenesis through numerous - and as yet, incompletely understood - mechanisms. Here, I review recent studies exploring the role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in the most common neurodegenerative diseases. I then describe in-depth two research projects directed at further investigating one agent of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System whose expression is reduced in Alzheimer’s disease, the F-box Only Protein 2 (Fbxo2). Using cell-based models and an Fbxo2 knockout mouse, I present evidence for a role for Fbxo2 in the turnover and processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein, believed to be the major causative protein in Alzheimer’s disease. I then show that the loss of Fbxo2 results in greater expression and surface localization of NMDA receptor subunits, and enhances the formation of axo-dendritic shaft synapses. Taken together, these studies support a central role for the Ubiquitin Proteasome System, and in particular Fbxo2, in the turnover and handling of key proteins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and the regulation of synaptic connections.PhDNeuroscienceUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/107118/1/atking_1.pd

Aortic aneurysm: awareness, causes and management

The term aneurysm describes a localised widening or ballooning of a section of an artery—an increase of greater than 50% of the normal size is defined as aneurysmal (UpChurch Jr and Criado, 2009). Aneurysmal changes can be found in any artery but are most commonly seen in the aorta (Nienaber and Fattori, 2012). Aneurysms can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, but may be life-threatening if there is sudden dissection or rupturing. This article describes the differences between abdominal and thoracic aneurysms, and explores the incidence, causes, and treatment of thoracic aneurysmal disease, highlighting the importance of vigilant postoperative care

Noble Intent Is Not Enough To Run Veterans Court Mentoring Programs: A Qualitative Study of Mentors’ Role Orientation and Responsibilities

Mentoring is a key component of veterans treatment courts, a diversionary problem-solving court for justice-involved military veterans. Mentoring programs are unique to veterans’ courts; no other problem-solving courts systematically include them as critical components of their court programming. Despite their prominence in veterans courts, little is known about mentor program operations and court expectations for mentors’ roles and responsibilities. This study examines mentors’ roles and responsibilities as perceived by mentees, mentors, and veterans treatment court staff. Using in-depth interview data from respondents from each of these groups, supplemented by observational data from court hearings and pre-court meetings, we identify three types of mentoring styles: enforcers, sponsor/advocates, and friend. We find a lack of clarity in mentors’ roles and responsibilities, which negatively impacted mentor-mentee relationships and mentors’ relationships with the court. The three mentoring styles identified in this study offer veterans treatment courts a framework to shape and refine the mentor role and guide future efforts to provide standardized training for mentors

Patient specific training: development of a CT-based mixed reality fibreoptic intubation simulator

Fibreoptic intubation training has traditionally been performed using real fibreoptic scopes and manikins or improvised airway ‘boxes’, recently progressing to virtual reality training devices [1]. The latter are populated with computer generated images, represented 2 dimensionally on screens without depth perception and fail to reproduce the natural variation. We aimed to address these issues by producing a simulator that utilises a real patient’s anatomy, in a mixed reality platform, without the need for additional hardware