Validasi preliminary product Fung-Cube pada pembelajaran fungi untuk siswa SMA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui validitas preliminary product Fung-Cube yang dikembangkan pada pembelajaran Fungi untuk siswa SMA. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan (Research and Development) yang terdiri dari tahap define dan design yang merupakan bagian dari model 4-D Thiagarajan meliputi tahap define, design, develop, dan disseminate. Tahap develop dan disseminate tidak disertakan karena penelitian hanya sampai pada tahap perancangan (design) Fung-Cube. Karakteristik preliminary product Fung-Cube yang dikembangkan terletak pada bentuk nyata jamur makro dan media tanam dari pemanfaatan limbah kayu dan kain yang memvisualisasikan materi Fungi dan lingkungan. Sampel penelitian adalah sampel yang divalidasi oleh 2 validator ahli. Instrumen pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah angket validasi ahli, lembar observasi untuk analisis karakteristik siswa, dan wawancara untuk analisis kebutuhan. Data yang di uji validitasnya adalah angket validasi preliminary product Fung-Cube. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mengolah angket lembar validasi ahli menggunakan persentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa preliminary product Fung-Cube dinyatakan sangat valid digunakan pada pembelajaran Fungi untuk siswa SMA, yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai hasil validasi ahli materi sebesar 94,2% dan ahli desain sebesar 96,9%. Pengembangan preliminary product media Fung-Cube sangat valid digunakan dalam pembelajaran Fungi untuk siswa SMA dan siap untuk di uji coba terbatas. Preliminary product fung-cube validation on fungi learning for high school students. This research aims to know the validity of preliminary product Fung-Cube developed on Fungi learning for high school students. This research is a research and development (R & D) consists of define and design stage which is part of Thiagarajan 4-D models included define, design, develop, and disseminate stage. The develop and disseminate stage is not included because the research only at the design stage of Fung-Cube. The characteristics of preliminary product Fung-Cube developed lies in the real macro Fungi and plant medium from wood waste and patchwork visualize Fungi and environment material. The research sample includes a product validation sample of 2 expert validators. The data collection instruments used expert appraisal questionnaire, observation sheets for target-population analysis, and interviews for needs analysis. The validity test addressed to the questionnaire of preliminary product Fung-Cube. The data analysis by processing expert appraisal questionnaire used percentage. The results of the research showed that preliminary product Fung-Cube was very valid on Fungi learning for high school students, shown by the validation value of material expert 94.2% and design experts 96.9%. Preliminary product Fung-Cube development was very valid on Fungi learning for high school students and ready for a developmental testing

Selenization process in simple spray-coated CIGS film

The synthesis process to produce a decent thin-film CIGS layer with simple, easy, and low-cost are essential factors in CIGS solar cell technology. This study synthesized a thin layer of CIGS by a simple spray coating method and selenization process. The temperature substrate and distance between the nozzle and target are controlled to provide an even thickness coating. A one-stage selenization was carried out with temperature variations of 350, 400, and 500 °C and a three-stage selenization process as the comparison was made at 400 and 520 °C. The surface morphology, thickness, and optical properties of CIGS films were investigated as a function of the temperature of selenization. The complete CIGS solar cell prototype consists of a window, buffer, and CIGS absorber layer. The buffer layer used is ZnS deposited by the chemical bath deposition method, while the window layer of ZnO is deposited by the spin coating method. The SEM characterization showed a thinner layer of CIGS as temperature, and the heating rate of the selenization increased. The increasing selenization temperature also affects the Selenium deficiency that causes low Ga/(In + Ga) content and increases the bandgap energy. By the grain growth model and the kinetic study yielded estimated activation energy, which one step selenization of the process is higher than the three steps of the selenization process. PV82QJC8Y

Enhanced piezoelectric nanogenerator performance with AZO/NiO heterojunction

ZnO nanorods (NRs) are piezoelectric materials used as nanogenerators because of their ease of synthesis, nontoxicity, low production costs, good electrical properties, and suitable flexibility for human movement as a source of mechanical energy. ZnO NRs are usually doped or composited with other materials to enhance their properties. Here we discuss the effect of the aluminum (Al) doping of ZnO using the hydrothermal method and subsequent coating with NiO to form a p–n junction in a nanogenerator application. According to XRD characterization, Al doping caused a shift in the ZnO NRs diffraction peaks toward a larger angle and a decrease in the diameter of the NRs. The doping of Al and NiO composites could also widen the bandgap. Moreover, current and voltage characterization results showed that the nanogenerator output power was 14.8 µW, which reached saturation (19.5 µW) at 4 % doping. Therefore, Al doping can improve the output power of the nanogenerator compared with pure ZnO