Agricultural Policies and Environmental Interaction in OECD Contries

Agriculture is heavily subsidized in most of the OECD countries. On the other hand, environmental externalities occur because of protection related pollution. In this study the structure of agricultural protection in the OECD countries was examined in a chronological and comparative perspective. In addition, the policy-environment interaction was scrutinized in order to better understand environmental implications of agricultural policies in the era of globalization. Evidence was found for international trade and environmental interaction in some of the OECD countries such that production and technological impact appear to be a prominent factor in environmental pollution.OECD, Agricultural Policy, Environment, EPI

Political Economy of Agricultural Policies and Environmental Weights

In this paper, a theoretical model was constructed to endogenously determine environmental weights in the agricultural sector. The conventional Political Preference Function was extended to include environmental weights. The model was applied to the wheat sector in the EU for the years 1990 and 2006. The results imply that designing protection levels that have small disparities between domestic and world prices and avoiding excess production cause a positive environmental surplus which leads to higher environmental weights.Environmental Weights, Political Preference Functions, EU, Agriculture

The Welfare and Distribution Impacts of International Agricultural Trade Policies: an Analysis of Turkey\u27s Integration Into the European Union.

The objective of this dissertation is to examine the agricultural trade policies of Turkey and determine the impact of various relevant policy scenarios on the welfare and distribution of income within the agricultural sector as well as between producers and consumer groups. The main goal of this research is to quantify the impact of trade liberalization resulting from multilateral agricultural trade agreements and the formation of regional trading blocs on Turkish agriculture and, consequently, the income distribution effects in the various producer and consumer groups. The study utilizes a partial equilibrium framework Modele Internationale Simplifie de Simulation (MISS) to analyze the impacts of various policy decisions and scenarios on the welfare of producers, consumers, and the budget. In this study, ten agricultural products that each play significant roles in terms of production, consumption, and trade are examined. These products are; lamb, dairy milk, corn, wheat, rice, oilseeds, cotton, sugar, tobacco, and poultry. Producer and Consumer subsidy equivalents which show overall protection in these sectors, are used to represent the weights perceived by the policy makers. Results show that Turkish Political Preference Function (PPF) values are higher in integration but decreases in free trade. The Nash equilibrium occurred at the point where Turkey chooses integration with the EU while the EU chooses the Agenda 2000 reform provisions. Results also show that distribution of income estimated by the Gini coefficient does not change significantly with freer trade but deteriorates with the integration

A GAME THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF TURKISH ACCESSION TO A EUROPEAN CUSTOMS UNION

The entrance of additional countries into a European customs union, in this case Turkey, and its impact on agriculture are examined. Results from a trade simulation model are used as components of a Political Preference Function and utilized within a game theoretic framework to identify the optimal strategies for Turkey, the EU, and the U.S. Turkey's best interest, from an agricultural perspective, involves adoption of agreements made in the Uruguay round of GATT as a developing country rather than applying EU protection. Although free trade is not the optimal solution, simulations indicate that the solution does involve the reduction of agricultural protection levels.International Relations/Trade,

Does Quality Matter in the Iron and Scrap Trade?

This paper sheds light on the iron and steel (IS) scrap trade to examine how economic development affects the quality demanded of recyclable resource. A simple model is presented that show a mechanism of how scrap quality impacts the direction of trade due to comparative advantage. We find that economic development in both importing and exporting countries has a positive effect on the quality of traded recyclables. Developed countries that intend to improve the domestic recovery of recyclables should raise the quality of separating recyclables while developing countries should tighten environmental regulations to help decrease the import of recyclables that cause pollution.Recycling (waste, etc.), Iron, International trade, Environmental problems, Developing countries, Developed countries, Iron and steel, Scrap, Environment, Trade

Does Quality Matter in the Iron and Scrap Trade?

This paper sheds light on the iron and steel (IS) scrap trade to examine how economic development affects the quality demanded of recyclable resource. A simple model is presented that show a mechanism of how scrap quality impacts the direction of trade due to comparative advantage. We find that economic development in both importing and exporting countries has a positive effect on the quality of traded recyclables. Developed countries that intend to improve the domestic recovery of recyclables should raise the quality of separating recyclables while developing countries should tighten environmental regulations to help decrease the import of recyclables that cause pollution

Remote Cache-Timing Attack without Learning Phase

Theoretically secure cryptographic algorithms can be vulnerable to attacks due to their implementation flaws, which disclose side-channel information about the secret key. Bernstein\u27s attack is a well known cache-timing attack which uses execution time as the side-channel. The major drawback of this attack is that it needs an identical target machine to perform its learning phase where the attacker models the cache timing-behavior of the target machine. This assumption makes the attack unrealistic in many circumstances. In this work, we present an effective method to eliminate the learning phase. We propose a methodology to model the cache timing-behavior of the target machine by hypothetical modeling. To test the validity of the proposed method, we performed the Bernstein attack and showed that, in majority of the cases, the new attack is actually superior to the original attack which uses a learning phase

Pollution without subsidy? What is the environmental performance index overlooking?

Agriculture is heavily subsidized in most Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, and environmental externalities can occur due to pollution caused by protectionist policies. This study examines the structure of agricultural protection in OECD countries from a chronological and comparative perspective. In addition, the policy-environment interaction is scrutinized to better explain the environmental implications of agricultural policies in the era of globalization. This paper critically evaluates the environmental performance index and recommends that this index includes polluting inputs in future calculations.OECD Agriculture Environmental performance index Pollution havens