Isolation and Characterization of <i>Escherichia coli</i> from Animals, Humans, and Environment

Working on a diverse species of bacteria that have hundreds of pathotypes representing hundreds of strains and many closely related family members is a challenge. Appropriate research design is required not only to achieve valid desired outcome but also to minimize the use of resources, including time to outcome and intervention. This chapter outlines basics of Escherichia coli isolation and characterization strategies that can assist in research designing that matches the set objectives. Types of samples to be collected, collection and storage strategies, and processing of samples are described. Different approaches to isolation, confirmation and concentration of various E. coli strains are summarized in this chapter. Characterization and typing of E. coli isolates by biochemical, serological, and molecular methods have been explained so that an appropriate choice is made to suite a specific E. coli strain/pathotype. Some clues on sample and isolate preservation for future use are outlined, and general precautions regarding E. coli handling are also presented to the researcher to avoid improper planning and execution of E. coli-related research. Given different options, the best E. coli research design, however, should try as much as possible to shorten the length of time to outcomes

User preference on use of print and Electronic Resources in Selected Universities in Tanzania: A survey.

A descriptive survey method was used as the research design, which involved three sampled universities in Tanzania,namely the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), the Open University of Tanzania (OUT) and Tumaini University-Dar es Salaam College (TUDARco). Purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents, comprising undergraduate and post-graduate students, academic and research staff chosen due to their proximity and degree of involvement in the generation and usage of information in both print and electronic formats in their academic and research endeavours as well as consultancy. Empirical data for the study was collected using the questionnaire survey and interview guide. Out of the 400 copies of questionnaire administered, 350 (87.5%) were successfully completed and used for the study. Data collected using questionnaires were coded, entered into a computer, analysed and intepreted with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 whereas data obtained from interview was subjected to content analysis. The qualitative data analysis process entailed collecting, sorting and eventually organising the information according to emerging themes in line with the objectives of the study . Findings: The study found out that a positive majority 163 (50.5%) of the respondents, prefer the use print over electronic resources. These findings are not in congruency with a popular assumption that the ready availability of online resources has supplanted print resources, which is not necessary the case. However, one significant finding in this study is that e-resources popularity has started to gain ground accross the three universities under review. Recommendation: Finally, (267 (52.5%) of the respondents) recommended fostering the use of both print and electronic resources in universities, for wider access of knowledge, particularly in the resource-limited contexts prevailing in Tanzania. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the study concluded that a hybrid collection is the panacea to optimizing resources as it provides users with more access choices between the two formats. Key words: User studies, universities-Tanzania,Print resources; electronic resources; digital resources; hybrid library

Mantiki katika miiko ya mfumo-mlo ya jamii ya Wandendeule

Makala hii inajadili miiko inayohusiana na mfumo-mlo katika jamii ya Wandendeule. Shabaha kuu ni kubainisha mantiki (kama kipengele kimojawapo cha falsafa) iliyomo ndani ya miiko. Swali kuu lililoongoza uchunguzi na mjadala wa kwenye makala hii ni: miiko kama kipengele cha kiutamaduni ina mantiki gani katika maisha ya wanajamii husika? Makala imejiegemeza katika mkabala wa kitaamuli. Data za makala hii zilipatikana kwa kutumia njia tatu ambazo ni udurusu wa nyaraka, usaili, pamoja na ushuhudiaji. Matokeo ya uchunguzi yanaonesha kuwa miiko yote inayohusu mfumo-mlo inayotumiwa na jamii ya Wandendeule hujikita katika mantiki fulani inayoshikilia seti ya 'kweli’&nbsp; zinazoongoza maisha yao. Hii ni kwa sababu miiko hiyo huakisi uhalisi wa miktadha ya kimazingira (kijiografia), kijamii na kifikra (mawanda ya fikra zao kuhusu ulimwengu)

Public Health Aspect of Manure Management in Urban and Peri-Urban Livestock Farming in Developing Countries

Urban and peri-urban livestock farming has been expanding in recent decades due to high demand for animal proteins to feed the growing urban population. The increase in number of livestock and livestock keepers has led to increased manure production in a shrinking space. This chapter evaluates the risks of transmission of manure-borne pathogen between cattle, humans and the environment in urban and peri-urban areas. Cattle and manure management practices, government directives, the presence of zoonotic pathogens and risk of bacteria transmission were assessed by observations, interviews, bacteria isolation and characterization and statistical modeling. Cattle are kept under intensive and extensive systems. Different techniques are used to collect, convey, store and dispose manure, all of which lead to direct contact with humans. The prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in cattle and water was 2.2% (95% CI: 0.99–3.67) and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.025–2.44), respectively. There was transmission of bacteria between cattle, humans and the environment in 52% of clusters. Cattle and manure management practices expose humans, livestock and the environment to risk of infection or contamination. Holistic approach can be adopted in this scenario to attain one health status and improve urban and peri-urban livestock contribution to community livelihood simultaneously

Information users’ preference on the use of print and Electronic Resources in Selected Universities in Tanzania: A Survey

This paper is based on a study that examined information users’ preference on use of print and electronic resources in selected&nbsp; universities in Tanzania. A survey method was used as the research design to facilitate the collection of data from the three sampled universities in Tanzania, namely the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), the Open University of Tanzania (OUT) and Tumaini University-Dar es Salaam College (TUDARco). Purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents, comprising undergraduate and post-graduate students, academic and research staff. Empirical data for the study were collected using a questionnaire survey and interview guide. Out of 350 administered questionnaires, 327 were successfully completed and used for the study, yielding a 93.4 Percent return rate. The study found out that print resources are more preferred than electronic ones. These findings are not in congruency with the popular assumption that the ready availability of online resources has supplanted print resources. However, one significant finding in this study is that e-resources popularity has started to gain ground across the three universities under review. The respondents suggestedfostering the use of both print and electronic resources in universities, for wider access of knowledge, particularly in the resource-limited contexts prevailing in Tanzania. Based on the findings, the study concluded that a hybrid collection is the panacea to optimising resources as it provides users with more access choices between the two formats. Key words: User studies, universities-Tanzania, print resources, electronic resources, digital resources, hybrid librar

How Tanzania Can Escape a Poverty Trap; Lesson From China

Nowadays, the success story of china’s great leap from feeble socialist state to hegemonic world producer and great USA and Africans countries creditor amazes a lot of scholars. In 1980 china’s GDP per capital was only 193 US dollar which similar that of African countries like chad and Malawi and Asian like Bangladesh and Chinese people did not eat more or better food prior 1980s while politically, China’s CCP regime was extremely dictatorial (in a sense of western democracy model). Three decades later china became the world’s second economies and her GDP grew from USD 193 to USD 6,091 by 2012 leaving other countries like chad, Malawi and Bangladeshi far behind. What happened during this thirty years of china’s great leap and what lesson does it give to African countries like Tanzania? This article tries to see some useful hints that made Chinese economy to take off and what lesson can African countries like Tanzania learn from this transformation “great leap process”. The reason beyond this success story owes not to good governance as a prelude to development nor history as a factor for underdevelopment, coevolution between the state and society was a vital force. The article provides a suggestion on Tanzania economic development must first utilize resources she has to stimulate industrial and agriculture sectors. This article draws lesson from Ang’s Y. Y literature how china escaped poverty trap. Keywords: Tanzania, Escape, Poverty trap, China DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-24-07 Publication date: December 31st 2020

Workers Industrial Relations Response Course in Chinese Enterprises: Racialization Question at Industrial Parks in Tanzania

(Foreign Direct Investments) FDIs plays great role on promoting economic development of both the host country and place of their origin. Tanzania’s recent move of industrialization witnesses a huge influx of Chinese foreign direct investments in special economic zones and industrial parks. With the increase of FDIs and industrial parks, cheap migrant laborers are of great importance to the development of these factories in industrial zones.Spending half a year in different Chinese enterprises and local owned companies in Tanzania, a field study was conducted on Chinese -Tanzanian labor racialization at Mkuranga industrial park in Tanzania. The analysis in this article is based on labor racialization at Mkuranga industrial zone where life course migration of workers, interactions in the workplace and Chinese workers interaction with surrounding environment.The study found that, while foreign enterprises improved livelihoods of migrant and local society at the park, there is racialization from both sides and is being fueled by total cultural misunderstanding. Keywords: migrant workers, Chinese enterprises, racialization, Tanzania. DOI: 10.7176/DCS/10-11-08 Publication date: November 30th 2020

Effects of User Awareness on Privacy Protection of the Internet User in Tanzania. A Case Study of Drug Control and Enforcement Authority (DCEA)

This study aimed to examine the effects of user awareness on privacy protection of the Internet user. In conducting this study, the researcher employed by theory of planned behaviour by Ajzen (1985) and the descriptive research design and mixed research approach whereby data was collected from 98 respondents through questionnaire and interview. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS for quantitative data and thematic analysis was employed to analyse qualitative data obtained through interview. The results obtained from regression analysis shows that User Awareness (UA) has (β = .315, p&lt; .001). These findings conclude that there is a positive and significant relationship between user awareness and the privacy protection behaviours among internet users. From the findings it can be concluded that user of internet needs to be aware of what data is being collected, how it be used and who will have access. This study recommends that the management of DCEA should conduct privacy impacts assessment, it also recommends that DCEA should provide an improved regular training and awareness programs for employees, moreover, it also recommends the use of data encryption services this will ensure that sensitive data are encrypted and protected in transit and at rest to protect it from unauthorized access, particularly in the event of breach or data loss. Lastly it recommends on improvement on incident response measures, whereby DCEA is required to improve its comprehensive incidence response plan for data breaches or privacy incidents, outlining how to detect, report and respond to such event promptly

Academic Libraries and Information Resources Preservation Strategies: Past, Present and the Way Forward

This paper is an attempt to document the preservation of information resources in academic libraries. After the introductory part the paper begins by explaining the rationale for preserving information resources in academic libraries. The preservation of both print and non-print information resources were well explored. Factors for considerations in preserving information resources like policy, fund, skilled labour, infrastructure and management support were explained so that they could be simply understood. The study suggests that universities offering library science programs should consider making the subject of preservation compulsory so that every librarian could have skills on how to preserve the library information resources. The study further recommends that modern preservation strategies need to be adopted by all libraries in order to safely guide the information resources for current and future generation