Tinnitus Population.

<p>Tinnitus Population.</p

Peak voxels and local maxima of the auditory resting state network identified in controls.

<p>Stereotaxic coordinates are in normalized Talairach space, p values are corrected for multiple comparisons at the whole brain level (FDR<0.05).</p

Increased (in red) and decreased (in blue) functional connectivity in the auditory resting-state network in tinnitus.

<p>Results are thresholded at cluster level corrected p<0.05. 1- Brainstem/Cerebellum, 2-Basal ganglia/NAc, 3-Parahippocampal gyri, 4-Superior temporal gyrus, 5-Orbitofrontal cortex, 6-Prefrontal cortex, 7-Prefrontal cortex, 8-Superior frontal gyrus, 9-Inferior frontal gyrus, 10-Fusiform gyrus, 11-Superior temporal gyrus, 12-Postcentral gyrus, 13-Precentral gyrus, 14-Cuneus/Precuneus.</p

Analysis steps (Blue Box).

<p>For the analysis, two independent groups were included. The data of the first group (group 1, healthy controls) were analyzed in order to define auditory regions of interest (ROIs) subsequently used to select the auditory independent component in the second group (group 2, healthy controls and tinnitus patients). Data from group 2 were used to compare the auditory resting-state fMRI activity of healthy subjects and tinnitus patients. <b>Auditory component selection (Red Box).</b> The independent component (IC) reflecting the auditory network was selected based on both spatial and temporal properties. <i>Upper panel (from left to right):</i> Fingerprint of the selected IC; Spatial map of the selected IC (black contours indicate average auditory map calculated on group 1); Connectivity graph representing significant connectivity edges between the selected ROIs of the auditory network. <i>Lower panel:</i> Anticorrelation-corrected score of each graph vs. the corresponding IC number. The component with the highest score will be selected as the auditory network (IC 21 in the present example).</p

Peak voxels of areas showing increased and decreased connectivity in tinnitus as compared to controls.

<p>Stereotaxic coordinates are in normalized Talairach space (p values are cluster level corrected).</p

Regions of the auditory resting state network identified in controls and chronic tinnitus patients.

<p>Regions of the auditory resting state network identified in controls and chronic tinnitus patients.</p

Peak voxels and local maxima of the auditory resting state network identified in the tinnitus patients.

<p>Stereotaxic coordinates are in normalized Talairach space, p values are corrected for multiple comparisons at the whole brain level (FDR<0.05).</p

Covert cognition in disorders of consciousness: A meta-analysis

Covert cognition in patients with disorders of consciousness represents a real diagnostic conundrum for clinicians. In this meta-analysis, our main objective was to identify clinical and demographic variables that are more likely to be associated with responding to an active paradigm. Among 2018 citations found on PubMed, 60 observational studies were found relevant. Based on the QUADAS-2, 49 studies were considered. Data from 25 publications were extracted and included in the meta-analysis. Most of these studies used electrophysiology as well as counting tasks or mental imagery. According to our statistical analysis, patients clinically diagnosed as being in a vegetative state and in a minimally conscious state minus (MCS−) show similar likelihood in responding to active paradigm and responders are most likely suffering from a traumatic brain injury. In the future, multi-centric studies should be performed in order to increase sample size, with similar methodologies and include structural and functional neuroimaging in order to identify cerebral markers related to such a challenging diagnosis