Особенности школьной организационной культуры

Рассматривается основное содержание понятия «школьная организационная культура», функции и потенциал использования организационной культуры в общеобразовательных учреждениях. Выявляются особенности школьной организационной культуры. Обосновывается взаимосвязь организационной культуры и социально-психологического климата общеобразовательного учреждени

ERK and CREB activation in neurons and distinct vimentin-positive cells by Rolipram/BDNF co-treatment.

<p>Projections of collapsed confocal scans showed double-stainings with pERK (A, G) or pCREB (D, J) antibodies and antibodies directed against neuron-specific 200 kDa neurofilament (B, E) or vimentin (H, K) in spiral ganglion cell cultures pre-treated with BDNF (47 h, 30 min) and exposed to Rolipram for 30 min. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Arrows point to an intense labelling of pERK (C, F) or pCREB (I, L) in the somata of stained SGN. Additionally, pERK (C, F) and pCREB (I, J) immunosignals were present in distinct vimentin-positive cells with a flattened (filled arrowhead) or spindle-shaped (unfilled arrowhead) morphology. Asterisks mark cells with a star-like morphology with a weak reactivity for pERK. Scale bar: 70 μm in C, 75 μm in F, I, L).</p

ERK and CREB activation in neurons and distinct vimentin-positive cells by Rolipram/BDNF co-treatment.

<p>Projections of collapsed confocal scans showed double-stainings with pERK (A, G) or pCREB (D, J) antibodies and antibodies directed against neuron-specific 200 kDa neurofilament (B, E) or vimentin (H, K) in spiral ganglion cell cultures pre-treated with BDNF (47 h, 30 min) and exposed to Rolipram for 30 min. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Arrows point to an intense labelling of pERK (C, F) or pCREB (I, L) in the somata of stained SGN. Additionally, pERK (C, F) and pCREB (I, J) immunosignals were present in distinct vimentin-positive cells with a flattened (filled arrowhead) or spindle-shaped (unfilled arrowhead) morphology. Asterisks mark cells with a star-like morphology with a weak reactivity for pERK. Scale bar: 70 μm in C, 75 μm in F, I, L).</p

Rolipram treatment alone and in combination with BDNF improved the survival of SGN.

<p>The neuronal survival was assessed by the amount of surviving neurons after a cultivation period of 48(% neuronal survival). Rolipram (R) applied at a concentration of 0.1 nM enhanced the survival of SGN after serum deprivation and resulted in a significant higher survival rate when compared to the untreated group and to the positive control (treated with BDNF [50 ng/ml]). Elevated Rolipram concentrations (1, 3, 10 nM) did not result in an increased neuronal survival compared to the untreated control group. Co-treatment with Rolipram and BDNF caused an additional increase of neuronal survival independently of varying Rolipram concentrations. Values are given as mean ± SEM; N = 4; n = 3; One-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple post hoc test was used to compare means: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. Reference of the significance is marked by the thick bar. N quotes the number of independent experiments; n gives the number of repetitions of each condition within one experiment.</p

Classification of neuronal morphologies Different morphologies of SGN could be detected in the culture.

<p>1: monopolar neurons; 2: bipolar neurons; 3: neurons with no neurites, 4: pseudomonopolar neurons; 5: multipolar neurons. Neurons were stained with DAB against neurofilament. Magnification: 200x.</p

BDNF release from spiral ganglion cells is increased after co-treatment with Rolipram and BDNF.

<p>The concentration of released BDNF from spiral ganglion cells after treatment with Rolipram (R; 48 h and 30 min), BDNF (48 h) or both substances (BDNF 47R 30 min) was measured by ELISA. The supernatant of cells treated with BDNF alone or in combination with Rolipram contained significant higher concentrations of BDNF in comparison to supernatants from untreated cultures or from cells treated only with Rolipram. Application of Rolipram for 30 min to BDNF pre-treated cells resulted in a strong increase of BDNF in the supernatant. All values are given as mean ± SEM. N = 3; n = 3 except for the untreated and Rolipram 48 h group: N = 2, n = 3; One-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple post hoc test was used to compare means: *p = 0.05; **p = 0.01; ***p = 0.001. Reference of the significance is marked by the thick bar. N gives the number of independent approaches; n gives the number of samples per approach.</p

Primary antibodies.

<p>Primary antibodies used for the staining of spiral ganglion neurons.</p><p>Primary antibodies.</p

Primary antibodies and their dilutions used for immunofluorescence analysis.

<p>Primary antibodies and their dilutions used for immunofluorescence analysis.</p

Neurite length.

<p>Neurite length presented as mean, minimum and maximum, given in μm (independent experiments: 3, wells per experiment: 3).</p><p>Neurite length.</p

NTF effect on neuronal morphologies Effect of 50 ng/ml BDNF, 100 ng/ml CNTF and the combination of both NTFs (B/C) compared to negative control (NC) on neuronal morphology in terms of polarity and missing neurite outgrowth after 48 h <i>in vitro</i> incubation.

<p>All morphologies and their distribution dependent on the treatment are depicted in an overview graph (mean ± SEM) (A). The analysis of the most frequent neuron types is depicted in B-D. The amount of monopolar neurons was increased when treated with BDNF or both NTFs. Only BDNF (15.04%) but not CNTF (10.21%) increased the amount of bipolar neurons. Both factors added simultaneously resulted in a highly significant increase to 42.84% of bipolar neurons compared to the negative control, showing a synergistic effect. The number of neurons without neurites was significantly decreased when both NTFs were administered together. BDNF or CNTF treatment resulted in a statistically lower percentage of neurons without neurites compared to the negative control as well. Furthermore, BDNF treatment caused a lower rate of neurites without neurons than CNTF. The SGN morphology is given as a percentage of the total number of scored neurons represented as mean and standard error of mean (SEM). Asterisks above the error bars show the significance of the conditions compared to the relevant negative control. (mean ± SEM; *<i>p</i><0.05; **<i>p</i><0.01; ***<i>p</i> < 0.001; ns = not significant; independent experiments: 3, wells per experiment: 1).</p