EFFECT OF GROWING MEDIA AND CHEMICAL AND BIO FERTILIZATION ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF MORINGA OLEIFERA PLANTS

This trial was outlined at the nursery of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agric., Cairo Univ., Egypt during two successive seasons of 2014 and 2015. The investigation was conducted to investigate the effect of soil type (sandy, clayey and sandy + clayey) and bio fertilizers (green power) and chemical fertilization (NPK at 6, 8 and 10 g/pot) and the interaction between them of vegetative growth parameters of Moringa oleifera plants. The obtained results revealed that clayey or sandy + clayey as a medium in combination with green power fertilization and NPK at 8 g/pot gave the highest values of plant height and stem diameter. Also, the obtained highest values of fresh and dry weights of vegetative growth parts resulted due to using clayey or sandy + clayey medium in combination with green power and NPK 8 g/pot. The best results of root fresh and dry weights, were obtained due to the use of sandy + clayey medium in combination with green power bio fertilizer and NPK at 10 g/pot

EFFECT OF BIO-FERTILIZATION AND GROWING MEDIA ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA TREES

The experimental trial was consummated at the nursery of Ornamental Horticulture Department, Fac. Agric., Cairo University, Giza, Egypt during two successive seasons of 2014 and 2015 to study the effect of growing media (sand, clay and mixture (sand + clay at 1:1 v/v) and bio-fertilization (microbine, green power and potasiomag) with 200 ml/pot on the chemical composition of Moringa oleifera (chlorophyll a, b, a + b, carotenoids, carbohydrates and mineral elements (N, P and k %). The results showed that the highest leaf contents of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, carbohydrates and leaf N, P and K % were obtained from the most suitable media (sand + clay at 1:1 v/v) combined with biofertilization (microbine, green power and potasiomag)

RESPONSE OF MORINGA OLEIFERA TREES TO BIO-, CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION AND GROWING MEDIA

This trial was outlined at the nursery of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agric., Cairo Univ. during two successive seasons of 2014 and 2015. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of different soil types (sand, clay and sand + clay) and bio-fertilizers (microbine) and chemical fertilization (NPK at 6, 8 and 10 g/pot) and the interaction between them on vegetative growth parameters of Moringa oleifera plants. The obtained results revealed that the use of clay in combination with NPK at 8 g/pot gave the highest values of plant height and stem diameter. Also, the obtained highest values of fresh and dry weights of vegetative growth resulted due to using clay or sand + clay medium in combination with microbine + NPK at 10 g/pot and NPK at 8 g/pot. The best results of root fresh and dry weights, were obtained due to the use of clay in combination with microbine + NPK at 10 g/pot and NPK at 8 g/pot

INFLUENCE OF PINCHING, SOME FERTILIZATION TREATMENTS AND SPRAYING WITH ALAR ON SOLIDAGO PLANTS. B. FLOWERING CHARACTERISTICS

This study was carried out at Dept. of Ornamental Hort., Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ. and the applied part was carried out under open field conditions at the Experimental Farm of Hort. Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt during 2015 and 2016 seasons to investigate the effect of pinching, bio- and chemical fertilization (as a soil drench), foliar spraying with alar and their interactions on flowering parameters of goldenrod (Solidago hybrida, "Tara") with the aim of producing high quality plants appropriate to be used as flowering pot plants. Flowering stem length (cm), flowering start date (days), flowering stem fresh and dry weights (g) and number of flowering branches were greatly affected by single, double and triple treatments applied in this study. Regarding the effect of interaction treatments between pinching, fertilization and alar, non-pinching in addition to bio-fertilization + NPK at 3 g/pot + alar at 1000 ppm resulted in the longest flowering stems. Non-pinching in addition to bio-fertilization + NPK at 1.5 g/pot + alar at 500 ppm shared some other treatments (i.e. pinching in addition to bio-fertilization + NPK at 3 g/pot + alar at 500 ppm) and resulted in the lowest flowering start date values. On the other hand, pinching in addition to bio-fertilization + NPK at either 1.5 or 3 g/pot + alar at 500 ppm produced the heaviest fresh flowering stems and to some extent the highest number of flowering branches. However, non-pinching in addition to alar at 1000 ppm + NPK at 3 g/pot either with or without bio-fertilization resulted in the heaviest flowering stems dry weight. According to the previous findings and from an aesthetic point of view, it is recommended to treat goldenrod transplants grown in 14 cm pots with pinching in addition to bio-fertilization plus NPK at either 1.5 or 3 g/pot + spraying with alar at 500 ppm to produce high quality goldenrod plants appropriate to be used as flowering pot plants

INFLUENCE OF PINCHING, SOME FERTILIZATION TREATMENTS AND SPRAYING WITH ALAR ON SOLIDAGO PLANTS. A. VEGETATIVE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS

An open field study was carried out at Dept. of Ornamental Hort. Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., and the applied part was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Hort. Res. Inst., ARC., Giza, Egypt during 2015 and 2016 seasons to investigate the effect of pinching, bio- and chemical fertilization (as soil drench), foliar spraying with alar (a growth retardant) and their interactions on vegetative growth of goldenrod (Solidago hybrida, "Tara") with the aim of producing high quality plants appropriate to be used as pot plants. Non-pinching was more effective than pinching procedure in increasing plant height, stem diameter and leaf area while pinching produced the highest values in terms of herb fresh and dry weights. Chemical fertilization with NPK at either 1.5 or 3 g/pot with or without bio-fertilization resulted in the highest values when compared with the other fertilization treatments.  Alar at 1500 ppm produced the highest values in of plant height, stem diameter and leaf area (first season only), while alar at zero ppm produced the heaviest fresh and dry herb weights and the widest leaves (in the second season only). Non-pinching treatments increased plant height, stem diameter and leaf area to the highest values when combined with NPK at only 1.5 g/pot, while pinching treatments combined with all fertilization treatments (except for bio-fertilizer only and control) presented the highest herb fresh and dry weights. Non-pinching in addition to alar at 1000 ppm presented the highest values of plant height and stem diameter, while  non-pinching in addition to alar at 500 ppm produced the highest leaf area. Pinching goldenrod plants in addition to spraying with alar at zero or 500 ppm increased herb fresh and dry weights. NPK at only 1.5 g/pot in addition to alar at 1000 or 1500 ppm produced the highest values of plant height and stem diameter. In this concern the highest fresh and dry weights were obtained by treating with bio-fertilization plus NPK at 3 g/pot in addition to alar at 500 or 1500 ppm. NPK at 1.5 g/pot + alar at 1500 ppm produced the highest leaf area in the first season, while in the second one bio-fertilizer + NPK at 1.5 g/pot + alar at zero ppm was more effective. Triple combined treatments showed a great variation in effects on vegetative growth characteristics, in general non-pinching treatments in addition to all fertilization treatments (except for bio-fertilizer only) and alar at all concentrations led to increase plant height, stem diameter and leaf area. However, pinching treatments in addition to bio-fertilization + NPK at 3 g/pot + alar at either 500 or 1500 ppm presented the highest fresh and dry weights, respectively. According to the previous findings and from an aesthetic point of view, it is recommended to treat goldenrod transplants grown in 14 cm pots with pinching in addition to bio-fertilization plus NPK at 3 g/pot + spraying with alar at 1500 ppm to produce high quality goldenrod plants appropriate to be used as pot plants

PROPAGATION OF A RARE ORNAMENTAL CLIMBER PLANT PORANA PANICULATA BY TISSUE CULTURE

This work was carried out in the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt during the period from 2015 to 2017, to investigate some factors affecting propagation of the rare ornamental climber Porana paniculata by tissue culture. Results could be briefed in the following: using clorox at 20% as a sterilant achieved the highest position in survival % and the lowest one concerning contamination %. The highest position was also occupied by clorox at 5% in relation to contamination %. Exposing explants to clorox for either 15 or 20 min gave rise to the highest survival %. Explants exposed to clorox at 20% for 15 min obtained the highest position in survival %, the pre-lowest rank in contamination % and the lowest one regarding mortality %. Using BAP at 0.60 ppm gave rise to the highest position in lateral buds survival %, regeneration capacity, culture efficiency, shoot number, shoot length and leaf number. Using 1/2 MS media induced the 1st position concerning lateral buds survival %, regeneration capacity, culture efficiency, shoot number, shoot length and leaf number. Using BAP at 0.60 ppm + 1/2 MS medium resulted in the highest records of lateral buds survival %, regeneration capacity, culture efficiency, shoot number, shoot length and leaf number. BAP at 0.40 ppm + 1/2 MS medium gave the 1st rank of shoot number.  Using BAP at 1 ppm induced the 1st position regarding shoot survival %, shoot number, shoot length and leaf number. NAA at 0.1 ppm resulted in the 1st position regarding shoot survival %, shoot number, shoot length and leaf number. BAP at 1 ppm + NAA at 0.1 ppm recorded the 1st position concerning shoot survival %, shoot number, shoot length and leaf number

RESPONSE OF ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM. TO SOME NATURAL EXTRACTS AT THE EARLY GROWTH STAGES 2- CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE PLANTS

The experimental trial was consummated under saran house of 65% shading performed at the nursery of Horticulture Research Institute, Giza, Egypt during two successive seasons (2012/2013 and 2013/2014) with the aim of improving plant quality at the early growth stages of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. by studying the effect of treating plants with some natural botanical extracts (Moringa oleifera Lam., Thymus vulgaris L. and Majorana hortensis Moench) with different levels (0, 5 and 10%) besides, the combinations of moringa + marjoram, moringa + thyme and marjoram + thyme extracts at 2.5%. All of them were applied as a foliar spray commencing from November 20th in both seasons on transplants of Artocarpus hetrophyllus Lam. 14-15 cm height with 4-5 leaves till June 20th of the following year at 15 days interval. The plants were grown in sand + peatmoss mixture (1:1, v/v). The results emphasized that most plants which received the highest natural extract level (10%) died after about 6 times of spraying. So, the corresponding data of such treatments were excluded. Meanwhile, using either moringa extract at 5% or the combination of marjoram + thyme extracts at 2.5% proved their mastery in improving plant chemical constituents at the terminate of experiment (July,5th) as that treating plants with moringa extract at 5% followed by that of the combination of marjoram + thyme extracts at 2.5% were the best treatments used for improving all the components which were measured in this respect (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, total carbohydrates, N, P, K and protein in leaves). From the aforementioned results, it could be recommended to use either moringa extract at 5% or the combination of marjoram + thyme extras at 2.5% for improving chemical constituents of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. at the early growth stages of such plants besides, getting better plants without being forced to use chemical nutrients or synthetic growth regulators that may contaminate the environment with getting a safe clean product

RESPONSE OF ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS LAM. TO SOME NATURAL EXTRACTS AT THE EARLY GROWTH STAGES 1- VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND ROOT TRAITS

A field experiment was consummated at the nursery of Horticulture Research Institute, ARC, Giza, Egypt, throughout two successive seasons (2012/2013 and 2013/2014). It was intended to improve vegetative growth and root parameters of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. at the early growth stages by studying the effect of treating the plants with different natural extracts botanicals (Moringa oleifera, Lam., Thymus vulgaris, L. and Majorana hortensis, Moench) at the levels of 0, 5 and 10%, besides the combination of moringa + marjoram, moringa + thyme and marjoram + thyme extracts at 2.5%. All of them were applied as a foliar spray commencing from November 20th in both seasons on transplants of 14-15 cm. height with 4-5 leaves till June 20th of the next year at 15 days interval. The plants were grown in sand + peatmoss mixture (1:1, v/v) under the condition of saran house of 65% shading. The results could be briefed as follows: Most plants which received the highest natural extract level (10%) died after about six times of the beginning of spraying. So, the corresponding data of such treatments were excluded. The prevalence of supplying plants with moringa extract at 5% for improving vegetative growth and root parameters of  Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. plant at the terminate of experiment (July 15th)  as it increased leaf area, fresh and dry weights of either leaves or roots/plant. Also, it raised root length, root diameter, number of the secondary roots/ plant, length of the longest secondary root. Meanwhile, using the combination of marjoram + thyme extracts at 2.5% belonged to the first and second degree for improving the above mentioned traits in most cases. In contrast, the least scores were a result of untreated plants (control) and plants which received only thyme extract at 5%. From the aforementioned results, it could be recommended to apply either moringa extract at 5% or the combination of marjoram + thyme extracts at 2.5% on Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. transplants for improving vegetative growth and root parameters of such economic important plant, besides, getting better plants without being forced to use chemical nutrients or synthetic growth regulators that may pollute the environment with getting a safe clean product

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely