An investigation on the effects of anionic detergent on liver glycogen and glucose in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Water pollution due to chemical substances as anionic detergents causes various disorders in aquatic ecosystems. We studied the effects of detergent on common carp using 6 treatments containing 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8Ingil and one control. We used aquariums at a capacity of 150 liters and in each aquarium 8 pieces of carp 10 to 12cm long weighing 35 to 40mg each was introduced. Physical factors were measured with digital multi-meter unit CS535. Temperature and hardness of water were 23-14°C and 196mel, respectively. Air pump was used during the experiment for providing oxygen. Sampling was carried out to assay liver glucose and blood glucose every 24 hour during 7 days. Liver glucose concentration was determined by glucose oxidize enzyme and spectrophotometric method at 546nm length. Liver glycogen was determined after separation and hydrolysis with the same method as for glucose. Results showed that blood glucose was increased as a result of exposure to detergent, but liver glycogen was decreased when detergent concentration was higher than 2me1. A reverse correlation coefficient between the two factors affirmed the findings (1< 0.001, r = -0.96)

Attitudes, behaviours and barriers to public health measures for COVID-19: a survey to inform public health messaging

Abstract Background Public support of public health measures including physical distancing, masking, staying home while sick, avoiding crowded indoor spaces and contact tracing/exposure notification applications remains critical for reducing spread of COVID-19. The aim of our work was to understand current behaviours and attitudes towards public health measures as well as barriers individuals face in following public health measures. We also sought to identify attitudes persons have regarding a COVID-19 vaccine and reasons why they may not accept a vaccine. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in August 2020, in Alberta, Canada in persons 18 years and older. This survey evaluated current behaviours, barriers and attitudes towards public health measures and a COVID-19 vaccine. Cluster analysis was used to identify key patterns that summarize data variations among observations. Results Of the 60 total respondents, the majority of persons were always or often physically distancing (73%), masking (65%) and staying home while sick (67%). Bars/pubs/lounges or nightclubs were visited rarely or never by 63% of respondents. Persons identified staying home while sick to provide the highest benefit (83%) in reducing spread of COVID-19. There were a large proportion of persons who had not downloaded or used a contact tracing/exposure notification app (77%) and who would not receive a COVID-19 vaccine when available (20%) or were unsure (12%). Reporting health authorities as most trusted sources of health information was associated with greater percentage of potential uptake of vaccine but not related to contact tracing app download and use. Individuals with lower concern of getting and spreading COVID-19 showed the least uptake of public health measures except for avoiding public places such as bars. Lower concern regarding COVID-19 was also associated with more negative responses to taking a potential COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion These results suggest informational frames and themes focusing on individual risks, highlighting concern for COVID-19 and targeting improving trust for health authorities may be most effective in increasing public health measures. With the ultimate goal of preventing spread of COVID-19, understanding persons’ attitudes towards both public health measures and a COVID-19 vaccine remains critical to addressing barriers and implementing targeted interventions and messaging to improve uptake

The winner takes it all — Competitiveness of single nodes in globalized supply networks

Quantifying the importance and power of individual nodes depending on their position in socio-economic networks constitutes a problem across a variety of applications. Examples include the reach of individuals in (online) social networks, the importance of individual banks or loans in financial networks, the relevance of individual companies in supply networks, and the role of traffic hubs in transport networks. Which features characterize the importance of a node in a trade network during the emergence of a globalized, connected market? Here we analyze a model that maps the evolution of global connectivity in a supply network to a percolation problem. In particular, we focus on the influence of topological features of the node within the underlying transport network. Our results reveal that an advantageous position with respect to different length scales determines the competitiveness of a node at different stages of the percolation process and depending on the speed of the cluster growth