Expressionistische Zeitschriften Vorstellung Einer Publizistischen Vielfalt

DergiPark: 326425trakyasobedIn this study, it is aimed to look through the art and literature journals published in German literature by the end of the 19th century and by the end of the World War II in Germany. The reason for choosing this period is the existence of the various kinds of cultural-art and literary journals in modern era after the enlightenment and romantic period. The period of Literary Expressionism is the period mostly influenced Germany in Europe and it divided the Germany into two after the World War II and the artists into two who took part in the West or in the East as well. Some artists took part in the literary term called “Exliterature” of whose participants are the ones who run away from the war. The artists whose ideology was the creation of a new world and a human being saw even the World War II as an opportunity to reach their aim, yet they faced the biggest pain that the human beings had ever had. We will try to create a new dimension on cultural and literary areas of journals in the Germany of pre-World Wars. Key terms: Expressionism, Journals, German Literature, Expressionistic Arts. 0. EinleitungBu çalışmada Alman yazınında 19. yüzyılın sonlarında başlayan ve ikinci dünya savaşının sonuna kadar devam eden süreçte Almanya’da yayımlanan sanat ve yazın dergilerine, tanıtım amacıyla topluca bakış oluşturulmaya çalışılacaktır. Özellikle bu zaman diliminin seçilme nedeni, Alman yazınında aydınlanma ve romantizm döneminden sonra modern zamanda görülen en fazla ve çeşit olarak zengin kültür-sanat ve yazın dergilerinin görülmesidir. Yazınsal Dışavurumculuk dönemi tüm Avrupa’da en çok Almanya’da etkilerini hissettirmiş bir dönem olup, ikinci dünya savaşı sonrası ikiye bölünen Almanya gibi sanatçıları da ikiye bölünmüş, kimi batıda, kimileri de doğuda yer almıştır. Bir kısmı da, savaş sürecinde „Exilliteratur“ olarak anılan ve savaştan kaçan sanatçıları aynı ad altında birleştiren yazınsal bir döneme ait olmuşlardır. Yeni bir dünya, yeni bir insan söylemiyle yola çıkan ve bunu gerçekleştirmeye çalışan sanatçılar, ikinci dünya savaşını bile bu söylemlerini gerçekleştirebilmek için fırsat olarak görebilmiş, ancak insanlığın yaşadığı belki de en büyük acıyı yaşamış ya da tanık olmuşlardır. Dünya savaşları öncesinin Almanya’sında kültür ve yazın dünyası hakkında dergiler bağlamında genel bir bakış oluşturmaya çalışacağı

Examining the Impact of Intellectual Capital Performance on Financial Performance in Islamic Banks

This study explores the intellectual capital (IC) performance of Islamic banks (IBs) and examines the impact of intellectual capital on financial performance in terms of profitability and productivity in IBs. The IC features are also examined individually to identify the primary driver of IC performance and their individual impact on the IBs’ financial performance. A quantitative method using multi regression analysis is utilised to examine the nexus between IC and the IBs’ financial performance indicators. The measurement of IC uses Modified Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient (MVAIC™) which is an extended model of VAIC™. The data were drawn from 49 IBs from 2014 to 2018. The empirical findings indicate that IC is positively significant in impacting IBs’ financial performance measures, especially profitability, but inconclusively related to productivity. Furthermore, when the components were analysed separately, the nexus between these components and IBs’ financial performance indicators show lesser uniform results. Capital employed efficiency and human capital efficiency are found to be the most influential features of IC in this study, while structural capital efficiency does not show an impact on financial performance. Evidence also demonstrates that all IC components are not significantly related to IBs’ productivity indicator

The Impact of Intellectual Capital Formation and Knowledge Economy on Banking Performance: A Case Study of GCC's Conventional and Islamic Banks

Purpose: This paper aims to evaluate the impact of intellectual capital in terms of human capital, structural capital, and capital employed on the financial performance of Islamic and conventional banks in the GCC countries. Design/methodology/approach: Along with the measurement discussion, the empirical analysis examines the relationship between intellectual capital measured through VAIC and the financial performance of banks in the GCC states by conducting a panel of six GCC countries, including 24 Islamic banks and 32 conventional banks covering 2012-2020 period. Findings: This paper shows that while Islamic banks have similar VAIC, HCE, and CEE results to conventional banks, Islamic banks have lagged behind conventional banks regarding the impact of structural capital on financial performance. It is argued that this is in contradiction with Islamic ontology and epistemology, which essentialises intellectual capital formation. Originality: This study conducts a comparative examination of the intellectual capital performance and its impact on financial performance by using interaction variables to capture any differences between Islamic banks and conventional banks in the GCC countries. The paper also considers the knowledge economy impact as a novelty, which is prominent for the GCC countries. In addition, Islamic ontology’s essentialisation of knowledge and its articulation in the form of intellectual capital within modern understanding is widely discussed, as part of originality. Lastly, the findings are located within Islamic ontology and epistemology. Practical Implications: Islamic banks should promote research and development for their intellectual capital at the product, operational and institutional levels, since Islamic banking is considered an alternative financing method, incorporating a new form of knowledge-based institutions inspired by capitalist institutions

Developing Maqasid al-Shari’ah Index to Evaluate Social Performance of Islamic Banks: A Conceptual and Empirical Attempt

The rise of Islamic banking and finance is now a reality with Shari 'ah compliant financial operations existing in many different parts of the world. However, its development has recently been subjected to criticism in relation to the aspirational objectives of Islamic moral economy, which constitutes the moral foundations of Islamic finance. The aspirational objectives are general expressed with maqasid al-Shari'ah, which is defined as 'human well-being'. The aim of this research, hence, is to evaluate the social performance of Islamic banks according to maqasid al-Shari'ah upon the realization of Islamic Moral Economy aspirations. AbdelMajid Najjar's concept of maqasid al-Shari 'ah with eight orientations or articulations is adopted to construct an evaluation framework aligned with the objective of rendering a critical improvement of current empirical studies. In operationalizing the developed framework, this study conducts empirical investigations by taking 13 banks from 6 countries for 5-year period (2008-2012) as a sample. In doing so, the annual reports of the sampled banks for the period are subjected to content analysis to generate the necessary data in applying to the formulated framework. Empirical evidence indicates that there is lack of achievement in maqasid al- Shari 'ah performance of Islamic bank and finance. Nevertheless, the overall industry concentrates mainly on self, faith and rights and stakeholding rather than wealth orientation, despite the fewer contributions in social entity, intellect, posterity and ecology. Additionally, the empirical results find that there are different orientations across the banks and countries. Finally, the industry orientation is estimated in this research, which is located to be somewhere betweenfaith and rights and stakeholding

Ethical Disclosure in the Shari’ah Annual Reports of Islamic Banks: Discourse on Shari’ah Governance, Quantitative Empirics and Qualitative Analysis

Purpose As an essential component of Islamic governance for ensuring religious compliance, Shari’ah annual reports (SARs) play an important role in providing communication between Shari’ah board (SB) members and stakeholders. This paper aims to determine the ethical disclosure in SARs to identify how close the Shari’ah disclosure to the standards set by AAOIFI and also substantive morality of Islam. The research also aims to examine the factors determining disclosure performance. Design/methodology/approach Two disclosure indices are developed to generate data from the SARs: the AAOIFI standards for Shari’ah governance index for form related approach, an Islamic ethicality augmented index reflecting on substantive morality approach. The sample consists of 41 Islamic banks from 15 different countries for the period of 2007–2014. Sampled 305 SARs were examined through disclosure analysis in line with the two indices developed for this study. The econometric analysis was run to identify the factors determining disclosure performance. Findings The findings suggest that AAOIFI guidelines have an influence on the level of disclosure, even if Islamic banks have not adopted them. However, the level of disclosure for the ethically augmented index is found to be very limited with reliance on general statements in most of the cases. As part of determining factors, the popularity of Shari’ah scholars is significant for both indices, while the existence of an internal Shari’ah auditing department holds some explanatory power. The adoption of AAOIFI standards at the country level, the regulatory quality and the duration of Sharīʿah-compliance are particularly deterministic factors in terms of complying with AAOIFI standards for SARs. Originality/value Although SB is the most crucial division of corporate governance in Islamic banks in terms of securing the “Islamic” identity of these institutions, their most important communication instrument, namely, SAR, has not been explored sufficiently, alongside an insufficient attempt to constitute Islamic corporate governance. Initially, this study attempted to constitute an Islamic corporate governance framework as a theoretical construct, which provides context for the empirical part of the research and this should be considered a novel approach. Second, the empirical part of the research aims to fill the gap observed in the literature such as small sample size and index construction-related matters. This research is conducted with a larger sample size as compared to the available studies in the literature and it has developed two indices for disclosure analysis along with developing an Islamic morality-based index beside an index based on AAOIFI standards

Comparison of Portfolio Selection and Performance: Shari’ah-Compliant and Socially Responsible Investment Portfolios

This study examines the effect of Islamic screening criteria on Shari’ah-compliant portfolio selection and performance compared to Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) portfolio. Each portfolio constructed from 15 stocks based on FTSE 100 using data from year 1997. Mean-variance portfolio optimization is employed with some financial ratios added as constraints for the Shari’ah portfolio. Annual expected return of each portfolio from 2008 to 2013 is used to calculate Sharpe’s ratio, Treynor ratio and Jensen’s alpha as the performance measurement tools. Macroeconomic variables are assessed using ordinary least square to examine whether they influence the portfolios’ expected returns or not. The result finds that Shari’ah portfolio has a better performance than SRI from year 2008 to 2010 shown by higher value of the measurement tools. However, from 2011 to 2013, SRI portfolio has better performance than Shari’ah portfolio