Diffusion of the internet : a cross-country analysis

This paper analyzes the process of Internet diffusion across the world using a panel of 199 countries during 1990-2004. The authors group countries in two categories-low and high-income countries-and show that the Internet diffusion process is well characterized by an S-shape curve for both groups. Low-income countries display a steeper diffusion curve that is equivalent to a right shift of the diffusion curve for high-income countries. The estimated diffusion curves provide evidence of a"catching-up"process, although a very slow one. The paper explores the determinants of Internet diffusion at the country level and across the same income groups. The most novel finding is that network effects seem to be crucial-the number of Internet users in a country in a given year is positively associated with the number of users in the previous year. The findings also show that the degree of competition in the provision of Internet service contributes positively to its diffusion, and there are significant positive language externalities.Technology Industry,Information Security&Privacy,E-Business,Income,Education for the Knowledge Economy

The diffusion of Internet: a cross-country analysis

This paper analyzes the process of Internet diffusion across the world using a panel of 214 countries during the period 1990-2004. Countries are classified as low and high-income and it is shown that the diffusion process is characterized by a different S-shape in each group. The estimated diffusion curves provide evidence of very slow "catching up". The paper also explores the determinants of Internet diffusion and shows that network effects are crucial to explain this process. One important finding is that the degree of competition in the provision of Internet contributes positively to its diffusion.Technological diffusion, Internet, S-shape curve, Network externalities, Digital divide

Analyse statistique de la pauvreté et des inégalités

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Assessment of the side effects of progestogen only contraception in the immediate postpartum period: the case of implants with levonorgestrel Jadelle®

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the side effects of Jadelle® implants in the immediate postpartum.Methods: To do this, we inserted the implants at two different postpartum period: first, between the first and the seventh day for the immediate postpartum period (IPP) group; second, between the 45th and the 3rd postpartum months for the late postpartum (LPP) group. The variables studied were age, gesture, parity, abortions, number of live children, childbirth, caesarean section, quality of milky climb, age last child, pregnancy-attendant, pregnancy term at time of delivery, complaints, weight.Results: From May 2012 to December 2013, we collected two hundred patients, one hundred from each group (immediate postpartum and late postpartum). The average age of mothers in the IPP group was 28 years and 29 years for LPP group. After insertion, in both group, spotting were the most frequent complaints. The weight variations were between +800 g and -600 g for the group IPP and +260 g and -170 g for the other group; which makes a statistically significant difference. In both groups, at the end of the six months, no patient had menstruation.Conclusions: Our results are encouraging to further promote contraception in the immediate postpartum period in developing countries and thus reach a wide range of users. We can therefore say that the side effects are not different during this period and largely are also tolerated

Tumeur à cellules de Sertoli-Leydig de l’ovaire: à propos d’un cas chez une jeune fille de 22 ans

Les tumeurs à cellules de Sertoli et Leydig sont des tumeurs sécrétantes rares du mésenchyme et des cordons sexuels. Cependant elles constituentl’une des tumeurs le souvent responsables de syndrome de virilisation. La certitude diagnostique est histologique après la chirurgie et il n’ y'a pasde signe échographie spécifique malgré la forte présomption clinique. Le pronostic comme la plupart des néoplasies est lié au degré dedifférenciation cellulaire et la présence d’éléments hétérologue en leur sein. L’objectif de notre travail était de rapporter un authentique syndromede virilisation chez une jeune fille de 22 ans secondaire à une tumeur non épithéliale de l’ovaire à cellule de Sertoli et à cellule de Leydig. Lesformes peu différenciées des tumeurs de Sertoli-Leydig ont un potentiel de malignité non négligeable. Le traitement est chirurgical, lachimiothérapie par association de sels de platine et de taxanes constitue un adjuvant intéressant. Le pronostic après la chirurgie est dominé pardes récidives. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors are rare secreting mesenchymal and sex cord-stromal tumors. However, they constitute one type of tumor most often responsible for virilization syndrome. A definite diagnosis is provided by histological examination following surgical excision of the tumor. It has no characterizing features on ultrasonography, in spite of the strong clinical presumption. Like many neoplasias, prognosis is related to the degree of cellular differentiation and to the presence of heterologous elements. The aim of our study was to report the case of a 22-year old woman suffering from a real virilization syndrome secondary to non-epithelial Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of the ovary. Poorly differentiated Sertoli-Leydig tumors have high malignant potential. Treatment is surgical; taxane-platinum combination chemotherapy is an interesting adjuvant. Prognosis after surgical resection is related to the risk of relapses. 

Foetal instrumental extractions (IE) at the maternity at Nabil Choucair Health Center (Senegal) from 2005 to 2016: epidemio-clinical and prognostic aspects

Background: The main objective was to take stock of practices on instrumental extractions at the maternity of Nabil Choucair Health Center.Methods: This was a prospective, descriptive study from 1 January 2005 to 31 April 2016. The collection was carried out through the data sheet completed on the basis of an analysis of files, the delivery register and the anaesthesia register of the operating room. The data was entered using the Sphinx software version 5 and the data analysis performed by Epi info version 3.5.Results: 240 instrumental extraction cases were compiled, and their frequency was 0.4%. The mean age of patients was 24.8 years. Obstetric vacuum was the most commonly used instrument (66.4%) and an episiotomy was performed in 73.6%. Maternal complications were dominated by simple perineal tears (6.2%).Conclusions: Instrumental extractions should be rehabilitated in our maternity facilities to combat the outbreak of the caesarean section. Instrumental extractions indications and techniques should be controlled to avoid complication

Funiculars anomalies during childbirth: about 562 cases collected in Pikine National Hospital

Background: Establish an epidemiological description of the different types of umbilical cord anomalies in our reference structure and to assess their impact on the prognosis of childbirth.Methods: We conducted a descriptive study, cross over a period of one year in Obstetrics and Gynecology Service Level III of Pikine Hospital. We included all women in labor have reached the term less than 28 weeks gestation and delivering a newborn with umbilical cord abnormality diagnosed during labor or during the expulsion.Results: During this period, we compiled 562 anomalies of the umbilical cord, which gave a frequency of 23.8%. Length discrepancies were far the most frequent (67.4%). Only the prolapsed cord was an independent risk factor for cesarean section (p = 0.036). The rate of episiotomy and tear was significantly higher in case of brevity (primitive or induced) cord (p = 0.042). Apgar score ≤7 was significantly related to the presence of brevity (p = 0.000), excessive length (p = 0.048) or cord prolapse (p = 0.037).Conclusions: This study has allowed us to see that the funicular abnormalities impede the smooth running of childbirth. Their occurrence is facilitated by the excess amniotic fluid, prematurity and low birth weight. Their research during prenatal ultrasounds should be systematic

Laparoscopic management of cervical and endometrial cancer in Africa: experience of the National Hospital Centre of Pikine

Background: Laparotomy represents the standard historical surgical approach to these cancers. Process of treatment of benign adnexal pathologies to the emergence of a new pathway for the management of these cancerous pathologies.Methods: Our prospective study from December 2016 to December 2018 included 10 patients with early-stage uterine cancer and endometrial cancer confirmed by MRI. The characteristics of patients, their cancer, their intervention and morbidity were revealed.Results: Our results show that the average age of the patients was 63 years; There were 2 cases of cervical cancer and 8 cases of endometrial cancer. For cervical cancer, it was essentially squamous cell carcinoma; one patient was at stage Ia2 and the other at stage Ib1. For endometrial cancers, squamous cell carcinoma was 80%; 6 patients were in stage IB and 2 in stage IC. Of the 10 patients undergoing surgery, 9 had laparoscopic colpohysterectomy and lymphadectomy and one complementary laparoscopic lymphadenectomy. The average number of lymph nodes removed was 9 and no lymph node metastasis was found. In the immediate postoperative period, one patient had transient urinary incontinence and another had vaginal slice lymphorhea.Conclusions: The main interest of this practice is to be the least morbid possible for patients at the early stage. With our short experience, we obtained a reduction in operating time, a reduction in hospital stay, a decrease in the consumption of analgesics and antibiotics postoperatively and a reduction in per and postoperative complications

Modeling Inflation for Mali

This paper investigates how consumer price inflation is determined in Mali for 1979-2006 along three macroeconomic explanations: (1) monetarist theories, emphasizing the impact of excess money supply, (2) the structuralist hypothesis, stressing the impact of supply-side constraints, and (3) external theories, describing the effects of foreign transmission mechanisms on a small open economy. The analysis makes use of cointegration techniques and general-to-specific modeling. Average national rainfall, and to a lesser extent deviations from monetary and external sector equilibrium are found to be the main long-run determinants of inflation. The paper offers policy recommendations for controlling inflation in Mali.Real effective exchange rates;inflation, price inflation, terms of trade, money market, money demand, money supply, demand for money, monetary fund, monetary policy, rate of inflation, discount rate, inflation equation, inflation rate, foreign currency, money balances, price level, annual inflation, monetary sector, real money, money stock, inflationary pressures, monetary phenomenon, monetary factors, inflationary impact, price stability, foreign exchange, monetary union, monetary growth, high inflation, lower inflation, monetary disturbances, relative price, low inflation, relative prices, discount rate increase, average inflation, rates of inflation, inflation targeting, effective exchange rates, quantity theory, forecasting inflation, inflation process, monetary aggregates, inflationary shock, inflation dynamics, central bank, inflation money, annual inflation rate

Revisiting the Determinants of Productivity Growth

This paper studies the main determinants of total factor productivity (TFP) growth using principal component analysis and a dynamic panel data model and, through a case study, explores key areas where accelerated reforms in the Maghreb countries would boost TFP gains. The results reveal that reforms targeted at attracting foreign direct investment and rationalizing government size, shifting resources from low-productivity sectors to higher ones, and encouraging women to enter the work force, could accelerate TFP gains. Equally important are reforms aimed at strengthening human capital, increasing the volume of trade, and improving the business environment.Maghreb;Economic growth;Emerging markets;Foreign direct investment;Government expenditures;Inflation rates;Labor markets;Women;productivity growth, real gdp, total factor productivity, gdp growth, growth accounting, gdp per capita, growth rate