Controle de Sphaerotheca fuliginea em abobrinha com resíduo da fermentação glutâmica do melaço e produto lácteo fermentado.

O resíduo da fermentação glutâmica do melaço (RFGM), comercializado como fertilizante, foi inicialmente testado a 1,5% e a 2,5% em três formas: cru; esterilizado; e fermentado por Bacillus subtilis, a 30 e 50%, para o controle do Oídio (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) da abobrinha. Em outros dois experimentos os tratamentos foram: RFGM; suspensão contendo alguns aminoácidos existentes no RFGM; e suspensão de sais com concentrações próximas ao RFGM, pulverizados duas vezes por semana, a 2,5%. Também foi estudado o produto da fermentação do leite com Lactobacillus, pulverizado duas vezes por semana, nas concentrações de 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50%. Posteriormente, esse produto foi testado na concentração de 10%, aplicado uma e duas vezes por semana. Em todos os ensaios os tratamentos foram comparados ao fenarimol 0,1 ml/l e a água. No primeiro ensaio, o controle obtido foi de 99, 91, 98, 88, 94, 98 e 98%, respectivamente para fenarimol; RFGM a 1,5 e 2,5%; RFGM esterilizado a 1,5 e 2,5%; RFGM fermentado por B. subtilis 30 e 50%. Em outro experimento o RFGM, a suspensão de sais e de aminoácidos controlaram a doenca em 85%, 72% e 15%, respectivamente, apresentando a mesma tendência quando de sua repetição. As porcentagens de controle foram de 95, 99, 99, 99 e 99, com o produto lácteo, nas concentrações de 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50%, respectivamente. Quando esse mesmo produto foi aplicado uma e duas vezes por semana, o controle foi de 75% e 91%, respectivamente; e o controle com fungicida foi 84%

Long-term effects of bariatric surgery on meal disposal and beta-cell function in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.

Gastric bypass surgery leads to marked improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obese type 2 diabetes; the impact on glucose fluxes in response to a physiological stimulus - such as a mixed meal (MTT) - has not been determined. We administered an MTT to 12 obese type 2 diabetic patients (T2D) and 15 obese nondiabetic subjects (ND) before and one year after surgery (10 T2D and 11 ND) using the double-tracer technique and modeling of ß-cell function. In both groups postsurgery, tracer-derived appearance of oral glucose was biphasic, a rapid increase followed by a sharp drop, a pattern that was mirrored by postprandial glucose levels and insulin secretion. In diabetic patients, surgery lowered fasting and postprandial glucose levels; peripheral insulin sensitivity increased in proportion to weight loss (∼30%), ß-cell glucose sensitivity doubled but did not normalize (viz. 21 nonsurgical obese and lean controls). Endogenous glucose production, however, was less suppressed during the MMT as the combined result of a relative hyperglucagonemia and the rapid fall in plasma glucose and insulin levels.We conclude that, in type 2 diabetes bypass surgery changes the postprandial response to a dumping-like pattern, improves glucose tolerance, ß-cell function, and peripheral insulin sensitivity but worsens endogenous glucose output in response to a physiological stimulus

Insulin Resistance in Humans Is Associated With Increased Plasma 12-Hydroxylated Bile Acids

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Human Insulin Resistance is Associated with Increased Plasma Levels of 12α-hydroxylated Bile Acids.

Bile acids (BAs) exert pleiotropic metabolic effects, and physicochemical properties of different BAs affect their function. In rodents, insulin regulates BA composition, in part by regulating the BA 12α-hydroxylase, Cyp8b1. However, it's unclear whether a similar effect occurs in humans. To address this question, we examined the relationship between clamp-measured insulin sensitivity and plasma BA composition in a cohort of 200 healthy subjects and 35 type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. In healthy subjects, insulin resistance (IR) was associated with increased 12hydroxylated BAs (cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and their conjugated forms). Furthermore, ratios of 12hydroxylated/non-12hydroxylated BA were associated with key features of IR including higher insulin, proinsulin, glucose, glucagon, and triglyceride levels, and lower HDL-cholesterol. In T2D patients, BAs were nearly twofold elevated, and more hydrophobic, compared to healthy subjects, though we did not observe disproportionate increases in 12hydroxylated BAs. In multivariate analysis of the whole dataset, controlling for gender, age, BMI, and glucose tolerance status, higher 12hydroxy/non-12hydroxy BA ratios were associated with lower insulin sensitivity and higher plasma triglycerides. These findings suggest a role for 12hydroxylated BAs in metabolic abnormalities in the natural history of T2D, and raise the possibility of developing insulin-sensitizing therapeutics based on manipulations of BA composition

Acute Effect of Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass on Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity: A Study with the Euglycemic-Hyperinsulinemic Clamp

Context: Insulin resistance ameliorates after bariatric surgery, yet there is still a need for data on the acute effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) on insulin sensitivity. Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the acute effect of RYGBP on insulin sensitivity, measured by both the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Design and Setting: Evaluations were conducted before and 1 month after RYGBP at State University of Campinas (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Patients: Patients included 19 premenopausal women with metabolic syndrome aged 35.3 (6.7) yr, body mass index 45.50 (3.74) kg/m(2) [mean (SD)]. Six had mild type 2 diabetes, seven impaired glucose tolerance, and six normal glucose tolerance. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures: The volunteers underwent RYGBP either alone or combined with omentectomy. Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, HOMA-IR, nonesterified fatty acids, leptin, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and IL-6 were assessed at baseline and 4.5 (0.9) wk postoperatively. Results: Fasting glucose decreased [99.2 (13.1) to 83.6 (8.1) mg/dl, P < 0.01] along with a reduction in fasting insulin [30.4 (17.0) to 11.4 (6.3) mU/liter, P < 0.01]. M value did not improve postoperatively [25.82 (6.30) to 22.02 (6.05) mu mol/kg(FFM) . min] despite of a decrease in body weight [114.8 (14.5) to 102.3 (14.5) kg, P < 0.001]. This finding was discordant to the observation of an improvement in HOMA-IR [3.85 (2.10) to 1.42 (0.76), P < 0.01]. Nonesterified fatty acids increased. Leptin and C-reactive protein decreased. IL-6 and adiponectin remained unchanged. Conclusions: A month after RYGBP, fasting glucose metabolism improves independent of a change in peripheral insulin sensitivity. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 3871-3875, 2010)O TEXTO COMPLETO DESTE ARTIGO, ESTARÁ DISPONÍVEL À PARTIR DE FEVEREIRO DE 2015.95838713875Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil [05/58627-2]U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsFundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil [05/58627-2

Visceral Fat Resection in Humans: Effect on Insulin Sensitivity, Beta-Cell Function, Adipokines, and Inflammatory Markers

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Objective: The visceral fat is linked to insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and an increased cardiovascular risk, but it is not clear whether it has a causative role. Design and Methods: Surgical resection of this fat depot is a research model to address this issue. Twenty premenopausal women with metabolic syndrome and grade III obesity were randomized to undergo Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) either alone or combined with omentectomy. Insulin sensitivity (IS; euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp), acute insulin response to glucose (AIR; intravenous glucose tolerance test), disposition index (DI = AIR x IS measured by clamp), lipid profile, adipokine profile (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, MCP-1), ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), body composition, and abdominal fat echography were assessed prior to surgery and 1, 6, and 12 months post-surgery. Results: Omentectomy was associated with greater weight loss at all time points. IS improved similarly in both groups. Omentectomy was associated to lower CRP after 12 months, but it did not influence adipokines and other metabolic parameters. Among non-diabetic subjects, omentectomy was associated with a preservation of baseline AIR after 12 months (as opposed to deterioration in the control group) and a greater DI after 6 and 12 months. Conclusion: Although omentectomy did not enhance the effect of RYGBP on insulin sensitivity and adipokines, it was associated with a preservation of insulin secretion, a greater weight loss, and lower CRP.213E182E189Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)US Department of Veterans AffairsFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP [05/58627-2

Restored Insulin Inhibition On Insulin Secretion In Nondiabetic Severely Obese Patients After Weight Loss Induced By Bariatric Surgery.

To examine the impact of important weight loss on insulin inhibition of its own secretion during experimentally induced hyperinsulinemia under euglycemic conditions. Longitudinal, clinical intervention study--bariatric surgery (vertical banded gastroplasty--gastric bypass--Capella technique), re-evaluation after 4 and 14 months. Nine obese patients class III (BMI=54.6+/-2.6 kg/m2) and nine lean subjects (BMI=22.7+/-0.7 kg/m2). Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (insulin infusion: 40 mU/min m2), C-peptide plasma levels, electrical bioimpedance methodology, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). BMI was reduced in the follow-up: 44.5+/-2.2 and 33.9+/-1.5 kg/m2 at 4 and 14 months. Insulin-induced glucose uptake was markedly reduced in obese patients (19.5+/-1.9 micromol/min kg FFM) and improved with weight loss, but in the third study, it was still lower than that observed in controls (35.9+/-4.0 vs 52.9+/-2.2 micromol/min kg FFM). Insulin-induced inhibition of its own secretion was blunted in obese patients (19.9+/-5.7%, relative to fasting values), and completely reversed to values similar to that of lean ones in the second and third studies (-60.8+/-4.2 and -54.0+/-6.1%, respectively). Weight loss in severe obesity improved insulin-induced glucose uptake, and completely normalized the insulin inhibition on its own secretion.27463-