697 research outputs found
Local and Global relations between the number of contacts and density in monodisperse sphere packs
The topological structure resulting from the network of contacts between
grains (\emph{contact network}) is studied for large samples of monosized
spheres with densities (fraction of volume occupied by the spheres) ranging
from 0.59 to 0.64. We retrieve the coordinates of each bead in the pack and we
calculate the average coordination number by using three different methods. We
show that, in the range of density investigated, the coordination number is
larger than 4 and it increases with the packing fraction. At local level we
also observe a positive correlation between local packing fraction and number
of neighbors. We discover a dependence between the local densities of
configurations with few neighbors in contact and the global sample-denities.
This might indicate that local configurations with small number of neighbors
are able to deform plastically when the sample is compactifying.
PACS: 45.70.-n, Granular Systems; 45.70.Cc, Static sandpiles; Granular
Compaction.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Volume fluctuations and geometrical constraints in granular packs
Structural organization and correlations are studied in very large packings
of equally sized acrylic spheres, reconstructed in three-dimensions by means of
X-ray computed tomography. A novel technique, devised to analyze correlations
among more than two spheres, shows that the structural organization can be
conveniently studied in terms of a space-filling packing of irregular
tetrahedra. The study of the volume distribution of such tetrahedra reveals an
exponential decay in the region of large volumes; a behavior that is in very
good quantitative agreement with theoretical prediction. I argue that the
system's structure can be described as constituted of two phases: 1) an
`unconstrained' phase which freely shares the volume; 2) a `constrained' phase
which assumes configurations accordingly with the geometrical constraints
imposed by the condition of non-overlapping between spheres and mechanical
stability. The granular system exploits heterogeneity maximizing freedom and
entropy while constraining mechanical stability.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Resummation of mass terms in perturbative massless quantum field theory
The neutral massless scalar quantum field in four-dimensional
space-time is considered, which is subject to a simple bilinear
self-interaction. Is is well-known from renormalization theory that adding a
term of the form to the Lagrangean has the formal
effect of shifting the particle mass from the original zero value to m after
resummation of all two-leg insertions in the Feynman graphs appearing in the
perturbative expansion of the S-matrix. However, this resummation is
accompanied by some subtleties if done in a proper mathematical manner.
Although the model seems to be almost trivial, is shows many interesting
features which are useful for the understanding of the convergence behavior of
perturbation theory in general. Some important facts in connection with the
basic principles of quantum field theory and distribution theory are
highlighted, and a remark is made on possible generalizations of the
distribution spaces used in local quantum field theory. A short discussion how
one can view the spontaneous breakdown of gauge symmetry in massive gauge
theories within a massless framework is presented.Comment: 15 pages, LaTeX (style files included), one section adde
Long term memories of developed and emerging markets: using the scaling analysis to characterize their stage of development
The scaling properties encompass in a simple analysis many of the volatility
characteristics of financial markets. That is why we use them to probe the
different degree of markets development. We empirically study the scaling
properties of daily Foreign Exchange rates, Stock Market indices and fixed
income instruments by using the generalized Hurst approach. We show that the
scaling exponents are associated with characteristics of the specific markets
and can be used to differentiate markets in their stage of development. The
robustness of the results is tested by both Monte-Carlo studies and a
computation of the scaling in the frequency-domain.Comment: 46 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Journal of Banking &
Financ
Perturbative quantum gauge invariance: Where the ghosts come from
A condensed introduction to quantum gauge theories is given in the
perturbative S-matrix framework; path integral methods are used nowhere. This
approach emphasizes the fact that it is not necessary to start from classical
gauge theories which are then subject to quantization, but it is also possible
to recover the classical group structure and coupling properties from purely
quantum mechanical principles. As a main tool we use a free field version of
the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin gauge transformation, which contains no
interaction terms related to a coupling constant. This free gauge
transformation can be formulated in an analogous way for quantum
electrodynamics, Yang-Mills theories with massless or massive gauge bosons and
quantum gravity.Comment: 28 pages, LATEX. Some typos corrected, version to be publishe
The Geometrical Structure of Disordered Sphere Packings
The three dimensional structure of large packings of monosized spheres with
volume fractions ranging between 0.58 and 0.64 has been studied with X-ray
Computed Tomography. We search for signatures of organization, we classify
local arrangements and we explore the effects of local geometrical constrains
on the global packing. This study is the largest and the most accurate
empirical analysis of disordered packings at the grain-scale to date with over
140,000 sphere coordinates mapped. We discuss topological and geometrical ways
to characterize and classify these systems, and discuss implications that local
geometry can have on the mechanisms of formation of these amorphous structures.Comment: 15 pages; 16 figure
Investigating the Geometrical Structure of Disordered Sphere Packings
Bead packs of up to 150,000 mono-sized spheres with packing densities ranging
from 0.58 to 0.64 have been studied by means of X-ray Computed Tomography.
These studies represent the largest and the most accurate description of the
structure of disordered packings at the grain-scale ever attempted. We
investigate the geometrical structure of such packings looking for signatures
of disorder. We discuss ways to characterize and classify these systems and the
implications that local geometry can have on densification dynamics.Comment: 3 figures, 9 page
The topological structure of 2D disordered cellular systems
We analyze the structure of two dimensional disordered cellular systems
generated by extensive computer simulations. These cellular structures are
studied as topological trees rooted on a central cell or as closed shells
arranged concentrically around a germ cell. We single out the most significant
parameters that characterize statistically the organization of these patterns.
Universality and specificity in disordered cellular structures are discussed.Comment: 18 Pages LaTeX, 16 Postscript figure
On Gauge Invariance and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
We show how the widely used concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking can be
explained in causal perturbation theory by introducing a perturbative version
of quantum gauge invariance. Perturbative gauge invariance, formulated
exclusively by means of asymptotic fields, is discussed for the simple example
of Abelian U(1) gauge theory (Abelian Higgs model). Our findings are relevant
for the electroweak theory, as pointed out elsewhere.Comment: 13 pages, latex, no figure
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