Coaches’ Leadership Style and Motivational Climate of Players in South East Ethiopian National League Foot Ball Clubs

The  present  study  aimed  to  examine  the  relationship  between  Coaches' Leadership  Styles  and Motivational Climate of Players in South East Ethiopian National League Football Clubs. The cross sectional study design was used. It was conducted on a single Competition Zone comprising 11 Clubs (N=275). 21 Coaches and 163 Players were selected using Yemane’s (1967) sample size determination formula. Data were collected through a standardized questionnaire such as Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) developed by Chelladurai and Saleh (1980) and Perceived Motivational Climate for Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) developed by Newton, Duda, & Yin (2000). The descriptive results showed, Coaches exhibited higher TI (M=47.0, SD=6.6) than Dem (M=31.5, SD=3.12) than SS (M=27.3, SD=3.0) than PF (M=18.2, SD=2.6) than Au (M=16.43, SD=3.11), where as Players Mastery Climate higher (M=73.7, SD=8.9) than Performance Climate (M=40.6, SD=6.4). Correlation result showed, TI revealed a significant relationship with Dem (r=.49, p=.022), PF (r=.639, p=.002), Dem revealed a significant relationship with SS (r=.46, p=.036) and significant relationship with PF (r= .504, p=.020). Age revealed a significant relationship with TI (r=.78, p=.000) and Dem (r=.64, p=.002), SS (r=.59, p=.004) and PF (r=.56, p=.008). Experience revealed a significant relationship with PF (r=.54, p=.012). Mastery Climate revealed a significant relationship with TI (r=.69, p=.000), Dem (r=.66, p=.001) and SS (r=.65, p=.002). Performance Climate revealed a significant negative relationship with TI (r= -.79, p=.000), Dem (r= -.74, p=.000) and SS (r= -.66, p=.001) and PF (r= -.49, p=.022). The independent t test results revealed Players had higher Mastery Climate (M=3.5, SD=.4) than the Performance Climate (M=3.4, SD=.5). This mean differences was statistically significant, t (324) =2.33, p=.021. The result of one way ANOVA showed, in all pairs (age, experience and educational level of players) there was a significant mean difference, F (2, 160)=192.8, p.=.000. The MLR result showed TI had a statistically significant positive relationship with Mastery Climate, r=.75, F (5, 15) =8.9, p=.010 and about 75% of the variance of the Mastery Climate score of Players was explained for by the variance in the TI of Coaches. TI of the Coaches was found to be a statistically significant predictor of Mastery Climate, B=.203, t=2.924, p=.010 and Au had a statistically significant positive relationship with Performance Climate, r=.91, F (5, 15) =30.6, p=<.05 and about 91% of and the variance of the Performance score of Players was explained for by the variance in the Au of Coaches. Au of the Coaches was found to be a statistically significant predictor of Performance, B=.203, t=2.924, p=.010B=.03, t=2.13, p=.049. Overall, the Leadership Style of the Coach significantly predicts the Motivational Climate. Keywords: Coaches’ Leadership styles, and Motivational Climate,

Evaluation of Substitution of Noug Seed Cake with Pigeon Pea Dried Leaves as a Supplement Feed in Fattening Oxen Based on Teff Straw Basal Diet at Haik Agricultural Research Sub-Center, Ethiopia

The experiment was conducted to evaluate substitution of noug seed cake with dried pigeon pea leaves on feed intake and weight gain of local old oxen. A total of 25 local old oxen (Bos indicus) with 7-8 years old and an initial mean body weight of 300.2±19.25 kg (mean±SD) were used for the study. The experiment was carried out for 105 days including 15 days of acclimatization period. The design employed for this experiment was randomized complete block design with five replications. The dietary treatments  were T1= Teff straw ad libtum +Wheat bran + Pigeon pea  (25%)+ Noug seed cake(75%) ; T2= Teff straw ad libtum+ Wheat bran  + Pigeon pea (50%)+ Noug seed cake (50%); T3=Teff straw ad libtum + Wheat bran  + Pigeon pea (75%)+ Noug seed cake(25%); T4= Teff straw ad libtum+ Wheat bran  +Pigeon pea (100%); T5= Teff straw ad libtum +Wheat bran + Noug seed cake (100%). The result showed that crude protein content of Pigeon pea dried leaves (24.47%), noug seed cake (31.92%) and wheat bran (15.98%) can satisfy ruminant production requirement. Total dry matter, teff straw and nutrient intake were statically highly significant (P<0.01, P<0.001, P<0.001) respectively between treatment groups but supplement intake was not statically significant (P>0.05) among treatment groups. The average total DM intakes of all treatment groups were ranged from 7.29 to 8.09 kg/d/head. There were no significant differences(P>0.05) in initial body weight gain, final body weight gain, total body weight gain and average daily body weight gain among  different combinations of treatment groups. The average daily weight gain (675.56 g), gross benefit (2159.96 ETB) and marginal revenue 1.11ETB of treatment 2 was higher than other treatment groups. Therefore, it is recommended that fattening of old local oxen  using supplement combination  levels of  teff straw+ wheat bran+ 50%pigeon pea+ 50% noug cake resulted better body weight gain and good benefit. Keywords: Body weight gain; Fattening; Noug seed cake; Old oxen; Pigeon pea DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-2-01 Publication date: January 31st 202

Effect of Stress on Animal Health: A Review

Stress, as it relates to bodily functions, has been defined as the sum of all biologic reactions to physical, emotional, or mental stimuli that disturb an individual’s homeostasis. Stressor can be defined as any internal or external stimuli or threat that disrupts homeostasis of the body, and elicits a coordinated physiological response within the body in an attempt to reestablish homeostasis. The different stressors that enhance stress it can be chemical stressors: poor water quality low dissolved oxygen, improper pH, Pollution intentional pollution: chemical treatments, accidental pollution: insect spray, Diet composition - type of protein, amino acids, Nitrogenous and other metabolic wastes accumulation of ammonia or nitrite. Biological stressors: population density crowding, mixing of different species of animal aggression, territoriality, space requirements, Microorganisms pathogenic and nonpathogenic, Macroorganisms internal and external parasites. Physical stressors: Light, sounds, dissolved gases and temperature. The stressor can be any internal or external stimuli or threat that disrupts homeostasis of the body, and elicits a coordinated physiological response within the body in an attempt to reestablish homeostasis. The different stressors that enhance stress and disturb the normal physiological functions of the different organs of animal health in different ways. Finally stress increased incidence of diseases and suffering animals as well as if the stress level is chronic it leads to death. Keywords: Health, Stressor and stress

"I Can't Breath": Race, Police, and the Suffocation of American Democracy

The role of violence when it comes to the black experience in the United States is foundational. If one looks at recent studies of slavery, such as Sven Becketts Empire of Cotton and Edward Baptists the Half was never told, much of early American economic and political history has been predicated upon violence against black bodies. This project aims to trace the historical roots of violence vis--vis black bodies, and identify its modern manifestations. Through three case studies of racialised murders (Emmett Till, Trayvon Martin, and Michael Brown), the thesis will attempt to illustrate the political, economic and social context behind the killings, and explore larger questions of what these deaths represent in terms of how institutions like the criminal justice system operate when it comes to people of color

Administrative and Social Support Services for Students with Disabilities in the Selected Higher Education Institutions of Amhara Regional State-Ethiopia

This study was conducted in universities found in Amhara regional state. There are 7 public universities in the region. One university was selected from each generation. Hence, Gondar was selected from 1st generation, Wollo from 2nd generation and Debre Tabor from the third generation universities. Qualitative case study design was used for this study.  The participants of this study were students with disabilities, teacher, students without disabilities, special needs directorates, and library and students service coordinators. Four methods of data collection instruments were used to obtain valid and reliable information from different sources, and for the purpose of triangulation. The result showed that most students with disabilities obtained different administrative and social support services from universities. On the other hand, the findings showed that the actual support services provided for students with disabilities in the sample universities were not in line with its higher education proclamations. It is recommendation that the university should work more on the social accessibility and administrative support services given for students with disabilities. Keywords: Social and administrative assistive services, students with Disability and Higher education institution DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/9-1-0

Teachers’ Attitude Towards the Inclusion of Students With Disabilities in the Regular Classroom: The Case of Selected Primary Schools in South Gondar Administrative Towns-Ethiopia

The participants of this study were general primary school teachers. The data gathering instrument were questionnaire. Quantitative data analysis method were employed to compute the data obtained through questionnaire. The result showed that the general actual mean score of teachers’ attitude scale is fairly greater than the cut point mean score. Due to this reason, teachers had fairly positive attitude to the inclusion of students with disabilities in to the mainstream classroom. It is recommended that the ministry of education should include special needs education courses to the college and university training program so that all the would be graduate teachers would get an opportunity to scale up their knowledge and skills about special needs education

Is the Sexual Behaviour of HIV Patients on Antiretroviral therapy safe or risky in Sub-Saharan Africa? Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

BACKGROUND: Reports on the sexual behavior of people on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are inconsistent. We selected 14 articles that compared the sexual behavior of people with and without ART for this analysis. METHODS: We included both cross-sectional studies that compared different ART-naïve and ART-experienced participants and longitudinal studies examining the behavior of the same individuals pre- and post-ART start. Meta-analyses were performed both stratified by type of study and combined. Outcome variables assessed for association with ART experience were any sexual activity, unprotected sex and having multiple sexual partners. Random-effect models were applied to determine the overall odds ratios. Sub-group analyses and meta-regression analyses were performed to examine sources of heterogeneity among the studies. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to evaluate the stability of the overall odds ratio in the presence of outliers. RESULTS: The meta-analysis failed to show a statistically significant association of any sexual activity with ART experience. It did, however, show an overall statistically significant reduction of any unprotected sex, having multiple sexual partners and unprotected sex with HIV negative or unknown HIV status with ART experience. Meta-regression showed no interaction between duration of ART use or recall period of sexual behavior with the sexual activity variables. However, there was an association between the percentage of married or cohabiting participants included in a study and reductions in the practice of unprotected sex with ART. CONCLUSION: In general, this meta-analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in risky sexual behavior among people on ART in sub-Saharan Africa. Future studies should investigate the reproducibility and continuity of the observed positive behavioural changes as the duration of ART lasts a decade or more

Traditional Consumption, Therapeutic Value and Its Derived Dairy Products of Dromedary Camel (Camelus Dromedaries) Milk in Somali Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia; A Review

A comprehensive review on dromedary camel milk traditional consumption, therapeutic value and its derived dairy product in Somali Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia is reviewed. In the pastoral community manufacturing of derived dairy products still difficulties in our country. Problems associated with derived dairy product produced from camel milk are highlighted. Fresh and fermented camel milk products were found to provide various potential health benefits. Include a treatment for gastritis, asthmatics, stomach discomfort, HIV, hamot (kar), tuberculosis, fever, urinary problems, hepatitis, jaundice, common cold, dearbeh ("diarrhea"), daarta ("nausea") and diabetics, for corresponding diseases there are traditional ways of treatment and for some diseases even dosages were present in Somali Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia. Keywords: Dairy Products, traditional consumption, therapeutic valu