Rates and Risk Factors for Suicide Ideas among Schizophrenia Patients in Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is associated with a high rate of suicide. AIM: Our study was aimed to identify the rates of suicide ideas in patients with schizophrenia as well as the risk factors associated with suicide ideas. METHODS: As many as 1130 subjects were evaluated using the Indonesian version of Diagnosis Interview for Psychosis (DIP) to establish the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Subjects aged 18-65 years. The risk factors were socio-demographic data, mental disorder history in the family, clinical symptoms and clinical course of schizophrenia. Risk factors that have the strongest correlation with suicide ideas were analysed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: About 6.1% of subjects reported suicide ideas in their life. The age of disease onset (p = 0.006), family history of schizophrenia (p = 0.013), poor concentration (p = 0.032), loss of enjoyment (p = 0.000), guilty feeling (p = 0.000), family history of mental illness (p = 0.000), nihilistic delusion (p = 0.001) and alcohol abuse (p = 0.000) were significantly associated with suicide ideas. CONCLUSION: Suicide idea is quite common in people with schizophrenia. Evaluation and management of risk factors associated with suicide ideas should be performed to prevent suicide attempts or death. Suicide ideas and risk factors can become clinical parameters in the instrument of suicide prevention

Analisis faktor-faktor penyebab pekerjaan ulang (Rework ) pada proyek konstruksi bangunan gedung

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Peningkatan kemampuan menulis puisi Siswa Kelas VIII-G SMP Negeri 4 Malang dengan menggunakan metode ITOP (Ingat, Tulis, Olah, Perbaiki)

ABSTRAK   Asmarahadi, Atria Dicky. 2014. Peningkatan kemampuan menulis puisi Siswa Kelas VIII-G SMP Negeri 4 Malang dengan menggunakan metode ITOP (Ingat, Tulis, Olah, Perbaiki). Skripsi, Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa, Sastra Indonesia, dan Daerah, Jurusan Sastra Indonesia, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing: (I) Prof. Dr. Maryaeni, M.Pd. (II) Dr. Yuni Pratiwi, M.Pd.   Kata Kunci: kemampuan menulis, pembelajaran menulis, puisi, metode ITOP   Puisi merupakan bentuk karya sastra yang mengungkapkan pikiran dan perasaan penyair secara imajinatif dan disusun dengan mengonsentrasikan struktur fisik dan struktur batin. Menulis puisi juga melibatkan proses kreatif yang di dalamnya terkandung kemampuan mengembangkan imajinasi, emosi, dan kemampuan mengolah kata. Kemampuan menulis merupakan bentuk kreativitas yang unggul, yang membedakan manusia dengan mahluk lain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan peningkatan proses dan hasil kemampuan menulis puisi siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 4 Malang dengan menggunakan metode ITOP. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian tindakan kelas. Subjek data penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMPN 4 Malang tahun ajaran 2013-2014. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah puisi hasil karya siswa. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian dilakukan melalui empat teknik, yaitu  (1) wawancara, (2) observasi, (3) panduan analisis dokumen, dan (4) tes tulis. Peneliti melakukan wawancara dengan guru kelas VIII untuk mengetahui permasalahan yang dialami siswa pada pembelajaran menulis puisi dan media yang digunakan guru dalam pembelajaran di kelas. Hasil penelitian ini berupa peningkatan kemampuan proses dan hasil menulis puisi siswa kelas VIII-G SMP Negeri 4 Malang. Proses menulis puisi oleh siswa pada studi pendahuluan ke siklus I dan siklus I ke siklus II mengalami peningkatan. Selama proses pembelajaran menulis puisi siklus I terdapat 19 siswa belum mengikuti pembelajaran dengan baik dengan mendapat kategori cukup. Pada proses pembelajaran pada siklus II terdapat peningkatan terhadap jumlah siswa yang mendapatkan kategori sangat baik yaitu sebanyak 20 siswa. Siswa yang mendapatkan kategori baik yaitu sebanyak 19 siswa. Secara keseluruhan proses pembelajaran menulis puisi siswa dengan metode ITOP sudah sangat baik dan sesuai rencana atau lebih baik dibandingkan dengan siklus I. Hasil menulis puisi pada siklus I, kemampuan rata-rata siswa dalam menulis puisi pada aspek diksi, rima, larik, dan amanat/pesan sudah menunjukkan peningkatan namun belum mampu memenuhi KKM (75). Pada siklus II, rata-rata kemampuan menulis puisi siswa sudah mengalami peningkatan dibandingkan siklus I. Pada siklus I, rata-rata kemampuan siswa dalam menulis puisi yaitu sebesar 65, 97% sedangkan pada siklus II rata-rata kemampuan siswa meningkat menjadi 83, 79%. Saran penelitian ditujukan bagi siswa, guru, dan peneliti selanjutnya. Siswa disarankan untuk memperkaya wawasan melalui kegiatan pembelajaran menulis puisi dengan menggunakan metode ITOP. Selain itu, siswa disarankan untuk menggunakan metode lain sebagai referensi belajar mengenai menulis puisi. Guru disarankan menggunakan metode ITOP dalam proses pembelajaran menulis puisi. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan kemampuan menulis puisi pada aspek diksi, rima, larik, dan amanat. Selain itu guru juga disarankan menggunakan metode lain yang lebih bermanfaat dan menyenangkan. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya disarankan melakukan penelitian yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan menulis siswa, serta dapat meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini sebaiknya dijadikan sebagai referensi dalam penelitian selanjutnya karena dapat memberikan pengalaman baru dalam pemecahan masalah yang berkaitan dengan pembelajaran menulis puisi dan mengembangkan ke arah yang lebih baik.                 ABSTRACT   Asmarahadi, Atria Dicky. 2014. Increasing ability to write poetry of the students of  VIII-G grade of SMP NEGERI  4 Malang by using  ITOP (Ingat, Tulis, Olah, Perbaiki) method. Thesis, Department of Indonesian Literature, Faculty of Letters, Malang University. Advisor: (I) Prof. Dr. Maryaeni, M.Pd. (II) Dr. Yuni Pratiwi, M.Pd.   Keywords: writing skills, learning to write, poetry, ITOP methods   Poetry is a form of literature that expresses the poet's thoughts and feelings imaginatively and arranged by concentrating physical structure and inner structure. Writing poetry also involves a creative process in which there are the ability to develop imagination, emotion, and the ability to arrange words. The ability to write is a superior form of creativity, which distinguishes man from other creatures. The purpose of this study is to explain the increase in process and outcome ability to write poetry grade VIII-G students of SMP Negeri 4 Malang by using ITOP method. The approach used in this study is a qualitative and quantitative approach with the design of classroom action research. Data subjects were students of grade VIII SMPN 4 Malang academic year 2013-2014. The data source of this research are the poems of students’ work. Data collecting in this research was conducted through four techniques, namely (1) interviews, (2) observation, (3) manual analysis of documents, and (4) a written test. Researcher conducted interviews with teachers in class VIII to know the problems experienced by students in learning to write poetry and the media used by the teacher in the classroom. The results of this study include the increase of process and results of poetry writing class VIII-G SMP Negeri 4 Malang. The process of writing a poem by student on a preliminary study to cycle I and the cycle I to cycle II increased. During the process of learning to write poetry in cycle I, there are 19 students who did not follow the lesson well got enough category. In the learning process in the cycle II, there is an increase in the number of students who got excellent category as many as 20 students. Students who got a good category as many as 19 students. On the whole process of learning to write poetry students with ITOP method has been very well and as  planned or better than the cycle I. The result of writing poetry in the first cycle, the average students’ ability in writing poetry on aspects of diction, rhyme, array, and the message has been showing improvement but has not been able to meet the KKM (75). In the second cycle, the average students’ ability to write poetry has increased compared to the cycle I. In the first cycle, the average student ability in writing poetry that is equal to 65, 97% while in the second cycle the average ability of students increased to 83, 79 %. Suggestions research are intended for students, teachers, and further research. Students are advised to enrich the knowledge through learning to write poetry using ITOP method. In addition, students are advised to use other methods as a reference to learn about writing poetry. Teachers are encouraged to use the method ITOP in the process of learning to write poetry. Based on the research that has been done shows that there is an increase in the ability to write poetry on aspects of diction, rhyme, array, and message. In addition, teachers are advised to use other methods that are more useful and fun. For other researcher are recommended to do other research that can improve students' writing skills, and to improve the quality of learning Indonesian subjects. The results of this study should serve as a reference in future studies because it can give you a new experience in solving problems related to learning to write poetry and make it better

Association of rs1344706 in the ZNF804A gene with schizophrenia in a case/control sample from Indonesia

Background: Association of rs1344706 in the ZNF804A gene (2q32.1) with schizophrenia was first reported in a genome wide scan conducted in a sample of 479 cases and replicated in 6666 cases. Subsequently, evidence by replication was obtained in several samples with European- and Asian ancestral background. Methods: We report ascertainment, clinical characterization, quality control, and determination of ancestral background of a case control sample from Indonesia, comprising 1067 cases and 1111 ancestry matched controls. Genotyping was performed using a fluorescence-based allelic discrimination assay (TaqMan SNP genotyping assay) and a newly designed PCR-RFLP assay for confirmation of rs1344706 genotypes. Results: We confirmed association of the T-allele of rs1344706 with schizophrenia in a newly ascertained sample from Indonesia with Southeast Asian ancestral background (P = 0.019, OR = 1.155, 95%, CI 1.025-1.301). In addition, we studied several SNPs in the vicinity of rs1344706, for which nominally significant results had been reported. None of the association P values of the additional SNPs exceeded that of rs1344706. Conclusion: We provide additional evidence for association of the ZNF804A gene with schizophrenia. We conclude that rs1344706 or a yet unknown polymorphism in linkage disequilibrium is also involved in conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia in samples with different (Asian) ancestral backgrounds

Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.11Nsciescopu

Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60–80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies