A Comprehensive Review on Dry Eye Disease: Diagnosis, Medical Management, Recent Developments, and Future Challenges

Dry eye syndrome (DES) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a common disorder of the tear film caused by decreased tear production or increased evaporation and manifests with a wide variety of signs and symptoms. The present review from interpretation of the literature gives detailed information on the prevalence, definition, causes, diagnostic tests, and medical management of dry eye disease. A number of systems contribute to the physiological integrity of the ocular surface and disruption of system may or may not produce symptoms. Therefore accurate diagnosis of dry eyes with no or minimal disruption of physiological function is necessary. The paper also discusses different colloidal drug delivery systems and current challenges in the development of topical ophthalmic drug delivery systems for treatment of KCS. Due to the wide prevalence and number of factors involved, newer, more sensitive diagnostic techniques and novel therapeutic agents have been developed to provide ocular delivery systems with high therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this review is to provide awareness among the patients, health care professionals, and researchers about diagnosis and treatment of KCS and recent developments and future challenges in management of dry eye disease

Validated Stability Indicating and Assay Method Development of Linagliptin in Formulation by RP-HPLC Using Quality by Design

Quality by Design (QbD) approach was used to facilitate stability indicating HPLC method development of linagliptin (LIN) in tablet dosage form. The method was developed using the PrimesilC18, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5µ column using the mobile phase consisting of 0.3% TEA: methanol. (60:40 v/v) pH 4.5 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid. Design of experiment tools was used for optimization of the chromatographic conditions. A three-level Box-Behnken design was employed and statistical analysis of the experimental data showed the significant influential factor of chromatographic conditions. The design space suggested that the current center point parameters could be further modified results with better acceptability for the response parameters. The performance of the optimized method was validated according to ICH guidelines.  Linagliptin was exposed to different stress conditions (acid, base, neutral, oxidative, thermal and photolytic) and chromatograms recorded at 292 nm. The degradation of linagliptin followed zero order kinetics for acidic, oxidative and neutral hydrolysis whereas for basic hydrolysis first-order kinetics under experimental conditions. Peak purity plots were evaluated for the degraded sample. The results obtained suggest that the method can be adopted for its analysis and is stability indicating as well. The three-level design helps in understanding the interaction among factors rather than one time one variation as carried out in routine method development. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v12i2.1194 </p

Article A Comprehensive Review on Dry Eye Disease: Diagnosis, Medical Management, Recent Developments, and Future Challenges A Comprehensive Review on Dry Eye Disease: Diagnosis, Medical Management, Recent Developments, and Future Challenges

Dry eye syndrome (DES) or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a common disorder of the tear film caused by decreased tear production or increased evaporation and manifests with a wide variety of signs and symptoms. The present review from interpretation of the literature gives detailed information on the prevalence, definition, causes, diagnostic tests, and medical management of dry eye disease. A number of systems contribute to the physiological integrity of the ocular surface and disruption of system may or may not produce symptoms. Therefore accurate diagnosis of dry eyes with no or minimal disruption of physiological function is necessary. The paper also discusses different colloidal drug delivery systems and current challenges in the development of topical ophthalmic drug delivery systems for treatment of KCS. Due to the wide prevalence and number of factors involved, newer, more sensitive diagnostic techniques and novel therapeutic agents have been developed to provide ocular delivery systems with high therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this review is to provide awareness among the patients, health care professionals, and researchers about diagnosis and treatment of KCS and recent developments and future challenges in management of dry eye disease