Nutritional value of Pleurotus (Flabellatus) Djamor (R-22) cultivated on sawdusts of different woods

The sawdust of different woods were investigat ed for the cultivation of exotic strain of Pleurotus (flabellatus) djamor (R-22) to find out the efficiency of different nutrients including protein, fat, crude fiber, ash, dry matter and moisture. Among all type of nutrients, protein, fat, cr ude fiber, ash, dry matter and moisture of Pleurotus ostreatus on sawdust of different woods were observed. Protein was observed on cont rol treatment (cotton waste, kikar, mango, mixed sawdust, simbal and kail (21.89), (21.64), (21.34), (21.16), (21.03) and (20.75) % respectively. Fat was observed on control treatment (cotton waste, kikar, mango, mi xed sawdust, simbal and kail (0.80), (0.53), (0 .41), (0.33), (0.24) and (0.11)% respectively. Crude fiber was observed on control treatment (cotton waste, kikar, mango, mixed sawdust, simbal and kail (8.92), (8.45), (8.17), (7.96), (7.70) and (7.32) % respectively. Ash was observ ed on control treatment (cotton waste, kikar, mango, mixed sawdust, simbal and kail (7.65), (6.75), (6 .47), (6.39), (6.33) and (6.23%) respectively. Dry matter was observed on control treatment (cotton waste, kikar, mango, mixed sawdust, simbal and kail (6.47), (6.27), (6.13), (6.01), (5.87) and (5.67) % respectively. Moisture was observed on control treatment (c otton waste, kikar, mango, mixed sawdust, simbal and kail (84.55), (81.20), (79.85), (76.26), (74.35) and (71.14) % respectively. Oyster mushroom showed relatively more contents on control treatment cotton waste as compared to other substrates. The maximum protein, fat, crude fiber, ash, dry matter and moisture contents in Pleurotus (flabellatus) djamor (R-22) was obtained on Kikar sawdust .The lowest contents was obtained on kail sawdust

A Retrospective Case Series study to Understand the Evolution of Silicea Terra in Clinical Situations

INTRODUCTION: Silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth, and the third most abundant trace element in human body. Learning starts with clinical practice. Homoeopathy practice includes disease diagnosis, person diagnosis and homoeopathic remedial diagnosis. Among this I would like to carry out my study as remedial diagnosis. For such remedial diagnosis I preferred, commonly used polycrest remedies in our day to day practice is Silicea, Lycopodium, Sulphur, Calc.carb, Natmur etc. Among this, I have seen the action of Silicea terra according to symptom similarity in my clinical practice, the results of those cases fascinated me and the curiosity of the evolution of Silicea in those cases inspired me in selecting this topic. Among the different types of studies I preferred Observational studies, because observational studies are the precursor for experimental studies. In homoeopathy we have numerous proving such as drug and clinical proving’s. From this retrospective study, one could understand the reaffirmation of source book data. Silicea is a mineral and is prepared from silicon dioxide found in flint, quartz, sandstone, and many other common rocks. Silica was proved by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann (1775–1843). Silica is used to strengthen many parts of the body and impart to them silica's hard, dense, strong characteristics. Silicea forms one of the most important remedies of the Chronic Diseases. Schussler, who was a homoeopathist before he was a Biochemist, describes the sphere of Silicea from the Tissue Remedy point of view as follows ―Silicic Acid is a constituent of the cells of the connective tissue, or the epidermis, the hair and the nails. Through the symptoms we get from drug proving sphere of action, constitution and its pathognomic properties can be studied. AIM AND OBJECTIVES AIM OF THE STUDY: Retrospective study to understand the evolution of Silicea Terra in clinical situations. OBJECTIVES: 1. To Understand the Sphere of action of Silicea. 2. To Understand the Remedial relationship of Silicea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study Setting: A sample of hundred cases taken from patients visiting the OPD of Sarada Krishna Homoeopathic Medical College. Selection of Samples: Sample size minimum hundred cases. Sample Technique-Random sampling. Selection based on previous cases in which Silicea Terra is prescribed and in which there is symptomatic relief for the patient. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients of both sexes, Those cases well-acted upon with Silicea Terra is only taken for study. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Cases treated with Silicea Terra but those have no significant improvement are excluded. DISCUSSION: The study focus on understanding the evolution of Silicea in clinical situations .100 cases were selected and from those cases observation were made out by segregating the symptoms based on age, gender, occupation, diagnoses, mental and physical symptoms, miasm, thermal state, medicinal relation to silicea in acute and chronic conditions. My study also includes age and sex relation with each case given above. Through my study Silicea found to be most useful for the age group 11-20 years and is about 37%, then 1-10years 23%, then 21-30 years 9%,then 41-50 years 9%,51-60years 9%, then 31-40 years 8%, then 61-70 years 4%. then 71-80 years 1%. From this observation it was clear that mostly affected age group include 11-20 years, 1-10 years. According to the aurum project, homeopathic remedy Silica becomes a simple and powerful medicine with a capacity in children and adults(26). While considering the gender female and male children mostly 44%, 17% respectively. Male and female child 25%, 14% respectively. Considering the affection of disease in relation with occupation 56% were students, 23% were house wives, 9% were Business, 7% were play school children ,2% were rubber tapping and 1% were retired officer, bank manager and librarian. According to synoptic key Materia Medica the sphere of action of silicea is described as REGION-NUTRITION, Children, Tissues- Elastic and cellular, NERVES GLANDS, Tubes: Eustachian, Tear ducts, etc. Fistulae, Bones, Cartilages, Mucous Membrane, Skin(8). Considering the diagnosis the given sample Respiratory system covers 45 cases and Dermatology covers 32 cases, GIT covers 6 cases, MSK covers 5 cases, CNS covers 3 cases and Metabolic disorders covers 2 cases other systems covers 7 cases. Sphere of action and clinical action are explained in the review. SUMMARY: The study was done retrospectively in which 100 cases were selected, which were having significant improvement with Silicea from different OPDs & IPDs of Sarada Krishna Homoeopathic Medical College hospital for the study of evolution of Silicea in clinical situations. The study proved that Silicea is a Psoric & Tubercular remedy which is having more action over Female & Male children’s age group of 11-20 years respectively, Mostly suited for Students and house wives, with more affection over Respiratory system and dermatology who were Chilly and Ambithermal than hot, where Easily anger, Intelligent, Obstinate, Mild, desire company has been observed in cases. From this study most of the patents were having Desire for sweets, warm and cold food & drinks, Egg and spices. Some of them seem to have marked aversions towards milk, egg, cold food & drinks and sweets. Some of them have profuse sweat, decreased appetite and constipation. Mostly used acute remedies were Pulsatilla, Bryonia, Rhustox, Nuxvomica, Belladonna and merc.sol. Mostly used chronic medicines was Calcarea carb and Sulphur Mostly used Intercurrent was Tuberculinum, Thuja, Medhorrinum, Psorinum, Syphilinum and Becilinum

Stability Analysis of Charged Rotating Black Ring

We study the electromagnetic field equation along with the WKB approximation. The boson tunneling phenomenon from charged rotating black ring(CRBR) is analyzed. It is examined that reserve radiation consistent with CRBR can be computed in general by neglecting back reaction and self-gravitational of the radiated boson particle. The calculated temperature depends upon quantum gravity and CRBR geometry. We also examine the corrected tunneling rate/probability of boson particles by assuming charge as well as energy conservation laws and the quantum gravity. Furthermore, we study the graphical behavior of the temperature and check the stability and instability of CRBR.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, version accepted for publication in Symmetr

Phalaris minor control, resistance development and strategies for integrated management of resistance to fenoxaprop-ethyl

Phalaris minor (Littleseed canary grass) is a very important and annual weed of winter cereal crops. It is a very competitive weed of wheat, oat and barley crops in Pakistan. Usually, three aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, diclofop-methyl and clodinafop-propargyl are used as chemical weed control against different grassy weeds like P. minor, Avena sativa and Cyperus rotundus L. This review describes fenoxaprop-ethyl, a selective chemical herbicide used to control P. minor in wheat crop. High production of wheat is associated with its continuous use. But this practice enhances the development of resistant biotypes of P. minor. Different management approaches like preference of mechanical weeding over chemical weed control, integration of competitive varietal selection, crop rotation and herbicide rotation can be long duration strategies of resistance management in P. minor. However, tillage method, planting time, method of herbicide application, optimum dose, higher seed rate, early sowing, bed planting, stale seed bed and zero tillage are short duration resistance management strategies. Use of water extracts of herbicidal potential (allelopathic) plants can be effective integrated management of herbicide resistant against P. minor in wheat and for eco-friendly and sustainable weed management.Key words: Control, fenoxaprop-ethyl, management, Phalaris minor, resistance, wheat

Optimization of non-orthogonal multiple access based visible light communication systems

In visible light communication (VLC), the data is transmitted by modulating the light emitting diode (LED). The data-rate is throttled by the narrow modulation bandwidth of LEDs, which becomes a barrier for attaining high transmission rates. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a new scheme envisioned to improve the system capacity. In addition to multiple access schemes, optimization techniques are applied to further improve the data rate. In this letter, convex optimization is applied to NOMA-based VLC system for downlink. The proposed optimization system is analyzed in terms of the bit error rate (BER) and the sum-rate

Impact of CSR, Quality of Work Life and Organizational Structure on Employee’s Performance in Pakistan

The trends of organizations are changing and demanding satisfied employees rather than dissatisfied employees. This paper provides factors through which employee’s performance can be increased to achieve organizational goals and objectives. To attract the motivated employees and building relations, CSR can perform for society which will change the thoughts of stakeholders. Quality of work life has impact on organization’s effectiveness which is essential for firms to be healthy and productive. Firms should adopt employee oriented policies which satisfies them to achieve organizational objectives. This study also indicates that effective organizational structure is necessary for improving the performance of employees and the organization. The structure is a source of success or failure because it empowers the employee which will increase the sense of responsibility. For the improvement in the organization and removing stress of the employees management must consider the hygiene factors to motivate the employees. The conceptualized work is conducted which is proved through evidence. For further study statistical analysis can be done for confirmation of the hypothesis

Diversified Traditional Wooden Implements Used in Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Practices in Ladakh

The traditional wooden tools are the necessities of the daily life of the people of Ladakh region and are linked directly with geographical conditions of the region. A lot of diversity in the wooden tools used by the tribal farmers of Ladakh since ancient times is observed. The tools are made up of different, locally available materials in a unique fashion by the localites. These wooden implements are preferred over modern one’s because of their multipurpose uses. Secondly these traditional implements find wide applicability in the region because of steep terrain, where the scope of mechanized farm implements is very limited. In the present study few important traditional tools of Ladakh have been presented. The important tools viz; chepo, shak, zungba, rzgeem, saddle, khem, khaczhay, thougk, gourgur, butter churner, plough, smeing, rbhat, grookook etc. have been described in detail in this paper

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION ON WHEAT WATER PRODUCTIVITY UNDER RAINFED ECOLOGY OF POTHOHAR, PAKISTAN

For rainfed ecology, water is the most limiting natural resource and its effective utilization is indispensable in order to optimize crop water productivity. A field study on wheat crop was carried out to asses the impact of different irrigation depths through sprinkler irrigation system at three phonological stages viz. tilleing, anthesis and grain filling. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used in the trail and had three repeats.  The area under study received 195 mm seasonal rainfall. Supplemental irrigation depths at three phonological stages, using small quantities of water through sprinkler irrigation system, significantly promoted the crop growth. The irrigation depth 25 mm gave the maximum output for biological yield (6504 ), grain yield (2030 ), thousand grain weight (28), plant height (87 ) and spike length (10 ). The highest water productivity of 0.97 kg/m3 was achieved with 25 mm supplemental irrigation depth when applied at tillering and anthesis stages