An Integrated Pedal Follower and Torque Based Approach for Electronic Throttle Control in a Motorcycle Engine

Nowadays, electronic throttle control system is widely adapted in the motorcycle for better drivability, fuel economy and reduces the emissions. In such systems, pedal follower or torque based approach are used for calculating the required throttle angle for the given torque demand by driver. This work presents a throttle control system for the precise estimation of throttle angle based on the integrated pedal follower and torque based approach for the given accelerator position and torque demand by the driver. A mathematical model for an electronic throttle body is developed to understand the effects of nonlinearities due to friction and limp home dual springs. A PID controller with compensators are developed to handle the nonlinearities due to the friction and limp home dual springs in the proposed electronic throttle control system. A simulation study has been carried out using software in loop and hardware in loop simulation approaches for step, sinusoidal, and ramp input signals. The responses of electronic throttle body for opening the throttle angle and error are analyzed for the given input signals. The simulation result shows that the proposed compensators has significant advantage in reducing the throttle angle error and gives the desired output

Prospects of Citrus sinensis (masumbi) cultivation in Haryana State, India

The empirical study on prospects of Citrus sinensis cultivation by farmers indicated that overall prospects of masumbi (C. sinensis) crop were medium to high since 77.5% respondents belonged to these categories. Majority of respondents agreed that better market facilities (weighted mean score 2.72), increased purchasing power of people (2.65), better fruit quality (2.62), better economic return (2.53) and increase in demand of fruit were the major prospective aspects for its wider adoption (2.53), whereas better technical support (1.20) and better credit facilities (1.08) both were not up to the desired level as expressed by the farmers. So the government should make concerted efforts to further strengthen the highly prospective aspects like better marketing facilities, cultivars of better quality fruits at farm gate or village level. On the basis of result obtained, the prospects of masumbi (C. sinensis) cultivation may be high in future

Constraints faced by farmers of Haryana state in adoption of masumbi (Citrus sinensis) cultivation

The study focused on the constraints faced by farmers of Haryana state in adoption of masumbi (Citrus sinensis) cultivation. The study was conducted in Bhiwani district. The constraints as perceived by the respondents were measured by the scores on the basis of magnitude of the problems. Constraints were categorized into inputs, marketing, production, technical and psychologicalconstraints. While analyzing overall constraints as perceived by farmers the findings revealed that high price of insecticides/pesticides (weighted mean score 2.25), non-availability of inputs at proper time (1.13), absence of agro-processing units (2.05), no support price (1.86), aberrant climatic conditions (1.99), unawareness about proper and balanced fertilizer application and time of application (1.99), lack of guidance of post-harvest technology (1.95), lack of knowledge of current advances in fruit cultivation (1.34), longer time taken in fruit bearing (1.51) and orchard maintenance(1.34) etc. were major constraints faced by the farmers

Effect of liquid seaweed fertilizer of Sargassum wightii grev. on the growth and biochemical content of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R. wilczek)

Intensive investigations were made on the efficiency of Liquid Seaweed Fertilizer (LSF) obtained from the brown seaweed Sargassum wightii Grev. on the germination, growth and biochemical constituents of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) under laboratory conditions and in pots. The seeds that are soaked for 6 hrs duration at lower concentrations such as 0.5% and 1.0% showed faster germination compared with the seeds that are soaked at higher concentration (2.0%) for long durations (12 hrs and 24 hrs). In pot studies, both the shoot length and root length were found to be increased as the concentration of LSF increases, but at high concentration i.e. at 2.0% concentration the growth was slightly reduced. Of the two different types of applications i.e. foliar and root applications, the foliar application was found to be more effective in determining the growth of the plant than the root application. Plants received with 1.0% concentration of LSF as foliar spray showed more shoot and root length, early flowering and more number of pods. The biochemical analysis of the experimental plants showed that the foliar treated plants showed more photosynthetic pigments compared to root treated plants, whereas the accumulation of total protein, total carbohydrate and total lipid content was found maximum in root treated plants than the foliar treated plants

Efficacy of thermal barrier coated superalloy used in turbines

The life of thermal barrier coating prior to spallation is dominated by micro cracking in both the thermally grown oxide and the yttria stabilized zirconia top coat. The damage generated by this microcracking is expected to be a primary life-limiting factor. High temperature force controlled fatigue testing of thermal barrier coated (TBC), bond coated only and bare Superni C263 superalloy, employed for manufacturing the combustion chamber of aero turbines, were conducted in air. Additionally, several accelerated creep tests on the TBC coated and on the bare Supemi C263 alloy were carried out in air

Solid Wastes Recyling through Sinter-Status at Tata Steel

Integrated steel plants generate several by-products rich in iron, flux and fuel values, categorised as waste. These by-products contain, besides mineral values, hazar-dous constituents causing damages to the environment. The environmental quality consciousness, the product cost competitiveness and high mineral values of these wastes have resulted in attempts to recyle these materials. Recycling recovers the mineral values, preserves the dec-reasing natural resources and deteriorating environment and eliminates the disposal cost. Sinter plant provides an avenue for recycling of these wastes. Recycling decreases the cost of sinter and hence the cost of steel produced. Present paper outlines the status of waste generation, their characteristics, and the quantity being recycled via the sinter plant at Tata Steel.Furthermore, it highlights the problems, which restricts its further recycling and discusses its influence on cost and quality of sinter

UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF SOLIFENACIN SUCCINATE IN TABLETS

Objective: To develop a simple and cheap UV spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of Solifenacin succinate (5mg) in tablets and validate as per ICH guidelines. Methods: The optimized method uses a solvent 100% triethylammonium phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) for the estimation of assay of Solifenacin succinate in tablets at a detection wavelength of 215 nm. Results: The developed method resulted in Solifenacin succinate exhibiting linearity in the range 5-15μg/ml. The precision is exemplified by relative standard deviation of 1.27%. Percentage Mean recovery was found to be in the range of 98â€102, during accuracy studies. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitiation (LOQ) were found to be 1.106mg/ml and 3.35mg/ml respectively. Conclusion: A simple and a cheap UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative estimation of Solifenacin succinate in tablets as per ICH guidelines and hence it can be used for the routine analysis in various pharmaceutical industries

Biology and management of mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink on Jatropha curcas L.

Jatropha cultivation is gaining importance as potential source of biofuel. Recently Paracoccus marginatus has been found to cause serious damage on Jatropha. Studies on the biology and management of P. marginatus at GKVK, Bangalore revealed that the females had three nymphal instars without any pupal stage, while the male had three nymphal instars besides, pre-pupal and pupal stages. The total nymphal period for female ranged from 14 to 21 days, (mean- 17.32±1.6 days) while for male the range was 16 to 23 days, (mean- 18.9±1.3 days). Bisexual and parthenogenetic modes of reproduction were observed. The fecundity of the female mealybug ranged from 248 to 967, with an average of 618.9±19 eggs. Evaluation of insecticides revealed that during first spray and second spray, mean per cent reduction of mealy bug population was highest in profenophos 0.05% (68.05 and 79.35) followed by buprofezin 0.025% (63.61 and 72.69). Least per cent reduction of mealy bug was observed in the NSKE 5% (17.94 and 25.77) treatment

A screening technique to evaluate pigeonpea for resistance to Rotylenchulus reniformis

Rotylenchulus reniformis is one of the most important nematode pests of pigeonpea. A simple greenhouse technique has been developed to aid evaluation of pigeonpea genotypes for resistance to R. reniformis. In greenhouse pot experiments, eggsacs of R. reniformis in pigeonpea (cv. ICPL 87) roots were counted by eye and with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope at 15, 30 and 45 days after seedling emergence in soils infested with various numbers of vermiform R. reniformis. Seedlings were rated for the number of eggsacs per root system on a one (no eggsacs) to nine (more than 50 eggsacs) scale. Eggsac ratings were more uniform when roots were evaluated at 30 – 45 days than at 15 days and an inoculum of 15 to 30 individuals/cm3 soil also helped reduce variability. Eggsacs were not easily visible without the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. Of the 14 stains tested, exposure of nematode-infected roots to 0.25% trypan blue for three min was effective in staining the eggsacs blue without staining the roots. Using the stain, the assessment of infestation by R. reniformis was equally accurate with or without the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. Exposure of eggsacs to trypan blue enhanced the emergence of juveniles from the eggsac

Occurrence of Meloidogyne javanica on groundnut in Andhra Pradesh

Surveys of the groundnut producing regions of Andhra Pradesh showed the presence of M. javanica. This is the first report of its occurrence on groundnut in this region