A macroprolactinoma becoming resistant to cabergoline and developing atypical pathology

Pituitary adenomas are a common intracranial neoplasm, usually demonstrating a benign phenotype. They can be classified according to pathological, radiological or clinical behaviour as typical, atypical or carcinomas, invasive or noninvasive, and aggressive or nonaggressive. Prolactinomas account for 40-60% of all pituitary adenomas, with dopamine agonists representing the first-line treatment and surgery/radiotherapy reserved for drug intolerance/resistance or in neuro-ophthalmological emergencies. We present the case of a 62-year-old man with an apparently indolent prolactin-secreting macroadenoma managed with partial resection and initially showing a biochemical response to cabergoline. Five years later, the tumour became resistant to cabergoline, despite a substantial increase in dosage, showing rapid growth and causing worsening of vision. The patient then underwent two further transsphenoidal operations and continued on high-dose cabergoline; despite these interventions, the tumour continued enlarging and prolactin increased to 107 269 U/L. Histology of the third surgical specimen demonstrated features of aggressive behaviour (atypical adenoma with a high cell proliferation index) not present in the tumour removed at the first operation. Subsequently, he was referred for radiotherapy aiming to control tumour growth

Multimodality palliative treatment of 111In-pentetreotide negative/123I-MIBG positive metastatic carcinoid - a case report

Patients with carcinoid tumours frequently present with metastatic disease. There are only a few therapeutic options for these patients, and the main goal of palliative treatment is to reduce symptoms and thus to improve quality of life. Current therapy includes surgical resection, hepatic artery embolisation, chemotherapy and somatostatin analogue treatment; however, all these options have limitations. It seems probable that therapeutic modalities based on radiopharmaceuticals may provide better therapy, not only in relation to symptom reduction but may also improve patient survival. In this case report we present a 46-year-old woman with a symptomatic carcinoid, who at the time of diagnosis had liver and abdominal lymph node metastases, the primary tumour being located in the terminal ileum. 111In-pentetreotide scanning was negative, whereas 123I-MIBG scanning showed high avidity in the tumour tissue. After right hemicolectomy, two courses of 131I-MIBG treatment were given (12.95 GBq and 12 GBq, respectively). After the second dose of 131I-MIBG temporary pancytopenia was present. Octreotide therapy was given empirically only for a short time and was stopped because of drug intolerance. The patient underwent tricuspid and pulmonary valve replacement because of her carcinoid heart disease, followed by two courses of embolisation of liver metastases. While 131I-MIBG therapy reduced the patient’s symptoms of flushing and diarrhoea, there has not yet been any effect on tumour response or 5-HIAA production. This case illustrates the multimodality and multidisciplinary approach to such patients.U chorych z rakowiakiem często występują przerzuty. W takich przypadkach istnieje niewiele opcji terapeutycznych. Głównym celem leczenia paliatywnego jest złagodzenie objawów i poprawienie jakości życia. Dostępne obecnie metody terapii obejmują chirurgiczną resekcję zmian nowotworowych, embolizację tętnicy wątrobowej, chemioterapię i stosowanie analogów somatostatyny. Jednak wszystkie te metody mają ograniczenia. Wydaje się, że stosując techniki radiofarmakologiczne można uzyskać najlepsze rezultaty, nie tylko pod względem zmniejszenia objawów, ale również wydłużenia okresu przeżycia. W niniejszej pracy autorzy opisują przypadek 46-letniej kobiety z objawowym rakowiakiem, u której w chwili rozpoznania choroby stwierdzono przerzuty do węzłów wątroby oraz brzusznych węzłów chłonnych. Guz pierwotny znajdował się w końcowym odcinku jelita krętego. W badaniu radioizotopowym z użyciem 111In-pentetreotydu nie wykazano gromadzenia radioznacznika, natomiast w scyntygrafii z użyciem 123I-MIBG stwierdzono zwiększony wychwyt znacznika przez tkanki guza. Po wykonaniu prawostronnej hemikolektomii zastosowano dwa cykle terapii 131I-MIBG (odpowiednio: 12,95 i 12 GBq). Po drugiej dawce 131I-MIBG wystąpiła okresowa pancytopenia. Zastosowano empirycznie terapię okreotydem, jednak przerwano ją po krótkim czasie z uwagi na nietolerancję leku. Chora przebyła zabieg wymiany zastawek trójdzielnej i płucnej z powodu rakowiakowej choroby serca, a następnie 2-krotną embolizację przerzutów wątrobowych. Chociaż terapia 131I-MIBG spowodowała złagodzenie objawów, napadowego przekrwienia skóry i biegunki, jednak nie zaobserwowano zmniejszenia guza ani ograniczenia produkcji 5-HIAA. Opisany przypadek jest przykładem multimodalnego i wielodyscyplinarnego leczenia rakowiaka

The Roles of Carbon Monoxide and Nitric Oxide in the Control of the Neuroendocrine Stress Response: Complementary or Redundant

There is widespread evidence in favour of nitric oxide (NO) acting as a gaseous neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, diffusing from its cells of origin and affecting surrounding neuronal tissue in evanescent three-dimensional waves. This is also true of the hypothalamus, where amongst other activities NO inhibits stimulation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin release by inflammatory stressors, effects thought to be mediated by binding with soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). Carbon monoxide is being increasingly recognised as another gaseous neuromodulator, but with principal effects on other hemoproteins such as cyclo-oxygenase, and a distinctly different profile of localisation.NO is predominantly a pro-inflammatory agent in the periphery while CO is often anti-inflammatory. In the hypothalamus, the actions of CO are also distinct from those of NO,with marked antagonistic effects on the inflammatory release of vasopressin, both in vitro and in vivo, but with little involvement in the regulation of CRH. Thus, it would appear that these apparently similar gases exert quite distinct and separate effects, although they cause broadly similar overall changes in the secretion of neuroendocrine stress hormones. We conclude that these two gases may play significant but different roles in the control of the neuroendocrine stress response, but one common feature may be attenuation of inflammation-induced release of stress hormones

Postępowanie w chorobie Cushinga — od testu diagnostycznego do leczenia

Choroba Cushinga jest spowodowana przez gruczolaka przysadki, produkującego hormon adrenokortykotropowy (ACTH) i jest najczęstszą przyczyną endogennego hiperkortyzolizmu. W przypadku podejrzenia zespołu Cushinga zalecane testy przesiewowe to test hamowania 1 mg deksametazonu, test hamowania małymi dawkami deksametazonu albo badanie nocnego kortyzolu w ślinie. Jeżeli wynik testu przesiewowego jest 2-krotnie dodatni, pacjent powinien być skierowany do specjalisty–endokrynologa, a stwierdzenie w warunkach szpitalnych podwyższonego stężenia kortyzol w surowicy o północy i brak hamowania kortyzolu małymi dawkami deksametazonu potwierdza hiperkortyzolemię. Następnie należy oznaczyć stężenie ACTH we krwi o 9. rano i jeżeli jest podwyższone należy wykonać MR przysadki. Test stymulacji CRH (hormonem uwalniającym hormon kortykotropowy) pomaga odróżnić przysadkowy od ektopowego ACTH-zależnego zespół Cushinga, ale „złotym standardem” pozostaje cewnikowanie zatok skalistych w celu pobrania krwi do oznaczeń ACTH. Operacyjne usunięcie gruczolaka przysadki przez zatokę klinową jest leczeniem pierwszego rzutu w chorobie Cushinga i może być powtórzone jeżeli będzie nieskuteczne. Leczeniem drugiego rzutu są radioterapia przysadki, obustronne usunięcie nadnerczy i leczenie farmakologiczne. Radioterapia przysadki jest bardzo skuteczna, ale pełny efekt leczniczy uzyskujemy po kilku latach. Obustronne usuniecie nadnerczy jest nadal stosowane u ciężko chorych pacjentów, którzy nie tolerują leczenia farmakologicznego. Najbardziej skuteczne leki hamujące syntezę steroidów nadnerczowych to metyrapon, ketokonazol, mitotan i etomidat. Leczenie farmakologiczne stosuje się podczas przygotowania do operacji, kiedy operacja jest nieskuteczna albo w czasie oczekiwania na skutki radioterapii. Kabergolina i pasireotyd obniżają stężenie ACTH, ale są skuteczne odpowiednio tylko w 30% i 25%. Pacjenci z chorobą Cushinga powinni być leczeni w specjalistycznych ośrodkach endokrynologicznych, ponieważ współpraca wielodyscyplinarnego zespołu specjalistów (endokrynologów, neurochirurgów, onkologów i radiologów) decyduje o powodzeniu leczenia

Routine genetic screening with a multi-gene panel in patients with pheochromocytomas

PURPOSE: Several new gene mutations have been reported in recent years to be associated with a risk of familial pheochromocytoma. However, it is unclear as to whether extensive genetic testing is required in all patients. METHODS: The clinical data of consecutive patients operated for pheochromocytoma over a decade in a tertiary referral center were reviewed. Genetic screening was performed using a 10-gene panel: RET, VHL, SDHB, SDHD, SDHA, SDHC, SDHAF2, MAX, TMEM127 and FH. RESULTS: A total of 166 patients were analyzed: 87 of them had genetic screening performed (39 M: 44.8%, 48 F: 55.2%, age range 6-81 years, mean 45±16.8 years). In total, 22/87 (25.3%) patients had germline mutations, while 65/87 (74.7%) patients presented with apparently sporadic tumors. Germline VHL mutations were identified in 11.7% of patients, RET in 6.8% (five MEN2A/MEN2 and one MEN2B/MEN3), SDHD in 2.3%, MAX in 2.3%, SDHB in 1.1%, and TMEM127 in 1.1% of patients. At diagnosis, 15.1% of patients with unilateral non-syndromic pheochromocytoma showed germline mutations. We identified 19.7% of mutations in patients with unilateral-non-recurrent pheochromocytomas within 5 years vs. 50% in the recurrent-bilateral-metastatic group (p = 0.01). Germline mutations were more frequently seen with bilateral pheochromocytomas (p = 0.001): 80% of patients with bilateral disease had germline mutations (4 VHL, 3 RET, 1 MAX). CONCLUSIONS: The advent of rapid genetic screening using a gene-panel makes it feasible to screen large cohorts of patients and provides a valuable tool to contribute to the prediction of bilateral and malignant disease and to screen family members

Paraneoplastic hypoglycaemia secondary to IGF-2 secretion from a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumour

We report the case of a 79-year-old male with previous history of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in remission, who presented acutely to the Accident and Emergency department with recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia. At the time of presentation, a random glucose was low at 1.4 mmol/l, which upon correction resolved his symptoms. In hindsight, the patient recalled having had similar episodes periodically over the past 2 months to which he did not give much notice. While hospitalized, he continued having episodes of symptomatic hypoglycaemia, requiring treatment with intravenous dextrose and per os steroids. Once stable, he was discharged on oral prednisolone and dietary advice. A computed tomography scan performed during inpatient stay showed multiple deposits in the abdomen. An ultrasound guided biopsy of one of the liver deposits was performed. Immunohistochemistry supported the diagnosis of a gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) positive for CD34 and CD117. The diagnosis of non-islet cell tumour hypoglycaemia (NICTH) secondary to an IGF2 secreting GIST was confirmed with further biochemical investigations (IGF2=105.9 nmol/l; IGF2:IGF1 ratio 23, Upper Level of Normal (ULN) <10). Targeted cytoreductive treatment with Imatinib mesylate following assessment of the tumour's mutational status was successful in preventing hypoglycaemia over a 21-month follow-up observation period

ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 Clinical management of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs)

In viral pandemics, most specifically Covid-19, many patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), including phaeochromocytomas, paragangliomas and medullary thyroid carcinoma, may develop Covid-19 in a mild or severe form, or be concerned about the influence of viral infection relative to their anti-tumoral therapy. In general, newly presenting patients should be assessed, and patients recently receiving chemotherapy, targeted therapy or radionuclide therapy, or showing tumour growth, should be closely followed. For previously diagnosed patients, who have indolent disease, some delay in routine follow-up or treatment may not be problematic. However, patients developing acute secretory syndromes due to functional neuroendocrine neoplasms (such as of the pancreas, intestine or lung), phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas, will require prompt treatment. Patients with life-threatening Covid-19-related symptoms should be urgently treated and long-term anti-tumoral treatments may be temporarily delayed. In patients with especially aggressive NENs, a careful judgement should be made regarding the severity of any Covid-19 illness, tumour grade, and the immunosuppressant effects of any planned chemotherapy, immunotherapy (e.g. interferon-alpha), targeted therapy or related treatment. In other cases, especially patients with completely resected NENs, or who are under surveillance for a genetic disorder, a telephone or delayed consultation may be in order, balancing the risk of a delay against that of the possible development of Covid-19.Peer reviewe

Ockham’s Razor for a Retinal Lesion and Acromegaly and Breaking the Vicious Circle

Acromegaly due to ectopic secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is rare. Treatment consists of surgical removal of the primary tumor, cytostatic therapy, “cold” or radioactive somatostatin analogue treatment, and medical therapy for acromegaly, if needed. A 53 year-old female had an ocular lesion noted on a routine optician visit, originally considered to be an ocular melanoma. She had a bronchial carcinoid successfully removed 22 years previously. She had acromegalic features with an enlarged pituitary gland on magnetic resonance imaging and, additionally, metastatic lesions in her bones, liver, and thyroid gland. Elevated GHRH levels (&amp;gt;250× upper limit of normal) suggested a metastatic lung neuroendocrine tumor secreting GHRH. Cold and radioactive somatostatin analogue therapy reduced both GHRH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, but normalization of the biochemical markers of acromegaly was only achieved after pegvisomant was introduced. Complete control of IGF-1 was achieved, and this may have hindered the growth of the metastatic lesions as well, as the patient remains well 13 years after the diagnosis of metastatic disease and 35 years after the original lung operation. A gradual rise in prolactin levels over last 4 years was noted, which is likely due to the prolonged effect of GHRH on prolactin-secreting cells. The diagnosis of this case applied the law of parsimony from the Ockham’s razor principle. We consider that breaking the vicious circle of IGF-1 feeding the metastatic tumor was key for the long-term outcome of this case