Evolution of the spectral index after inflation

In this article we investigate the time evolution of the adiabatic(curvature) and isocurvature (entropy) spectral indices after end of inflation for all cosmological scales and two different initial conditions. For this purpose,we first extract an explicit equation for the time evolution of the comoving curvature perturbation (which may be known as the generalized Mukhanov-Sasaki equation). It shall be manifested that the evolution of adibatic spectral index severely depends on the intial conditions and just for the super-Hubble scales and adiabatic initial conditions is constat as be expected.Moreover,it shall be clear that the adiabatic spectral index after recombination approach to a constant value for the isocurvature perturbations.Finally,we re-investgate the Sachs-Wolfe effect and show that the fudge factor 1/3 in the adiabatic ordinary Sachs-Wolfe formula must be replaced by 0.4.Comment: 18 pages,4figure

Antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Human Resource Managers in the Public Sector

The main purpose of this research was to determine the antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior of human resource manager s in the public sector. This study tested the direct and mediated models consisting of organizational citizenship behavior as the dependent variable. The independent variables included transformational leadership, transactional leadership, distributive justice, procedural justice, interactional justice, organizational tenure, organizational inflexibility, organizational formalization, task characteristic, individualistic behavior, collective behavior, and power distance. Leader member exchange, perceived organizational support, and trust in the manager were as the mediators. Two hundred and twenty staff from Iran and one hundred sixty two staff from Malaysia participated in this study. All the staff members were in the public sector. Results of the direct and mediated models revealed that there was a positive relationship between transformational and transactional leadership behavior; leader-member exchange, perceived organizational support, trust in the manager, task characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior among staff (managers and employees) in Iran and Malaysia. Leader-member exchange mediated the relationships between a) transformational leadership behavior, b) transactional leadership behavior, c) interactional justice and organizational citizenship behavior in Iran. However, in Malaysia, leader member exchange was not a mediator

LEGITIMACY OF LOCAL FOOD IN THE U.S. MARKET: COMPARATIVE CONSUMER PERSPECTIVES

Measures of legitimacy have been described in terms of four legitimacy types, regulatory, normative, cognitive, and industry. This study provides one of the first and only empirical examinations of legitimacy, particularly with an application to local foods and sheds light on how consumers view various types of legitimacy related to local food. To apply the concept of legitimacy to local foods marketing, we take an empirical survey asking about consumer perspectives of local food, along with different shopping behavior questions. Using cumulative logit models, results of the legitimacy models suggest that core consumers are more likely to place a high value on the most of the legitimacy measures such as certifications, freshness and quality, environmentally friendly practices and direct purchase from the producers. The value that the core and to some extent the mid-level consumers place on different legitimacy measures have important implications for the marketing, merchandising, and product positioning by marketers, grocers, and retailers that are selling products with local characteristics. Implications and marketing recommendations are given based on the findings

On the perturbation theory in spatially closed background

In this article,we investigate some features of the perturbation theory in spatially closed universe. We will show that the perturbative field equations in a spatially closed universe always have two independent adiabatic solutions provided that the wavelengths of perturbation modes are very longer than the Hubble horizon. It will be revealed that these adiabatic solutions do not depend on the curvature directly. We also propound a new interpretation for the curvature perturbation in terms of the unperturbed geometry.Comment: 25 pages,no figures,accepted for publiction in EPJ

Use of hybrid iron oxide-silver nanoparticles for thermo-responsive drug delivery in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is the 4th most aggressive cancer in the Western world. There are very little drugs available as chemotherapies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Of the ones used, most of them become eliminated by first pass metabolism before they reach their desired site of action. Nanoparticles which can work as drug delivery systems have huge potential for the treatment of different kinds of cancer such as pancreatic cancer. The qualities of silver nanoparticles applicable to human treatments are under investigation in assessing potential efficacy, laboratory and animal studies, toxicity, and costs. Coating Iron oxide with silver nanoparticles can lead increase silver performance and it can deliver the silver nano particles and cancer drugs to the target cells. In this report, we focus on the design, synthesis, and characterization of hybrid iron oxide-silver core-shell nanostructures (HNPs). The HNP were characterised by various techniques such as magnetic properties, particle size, zeta potential, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), ultraviolet light (UV) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The laser mediated heating confirmed that the HNPs possessed surface plasmon resonance and hence highlights the potential of new HNP capability in thermo-responsive drug delivery. The drug conjugation, stability and releasing of HNP- BNIPDSpm and HNP-BNIPDSpm-PEG Thiol were assessed by FTIR, zeta potential and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC results demonstrated new formulations have high physical and formulations stabilities. PEGylated formulations demonstrated greater release of drug in comparison with their unPEGylated counterparts. The drug release were assessed and optimised in biological media and aqueous environments

3D particle-based cell modelling for haptic microrobotic cell injection

Introducing haptic interface to conduct microrobotic intracellular injection has many beneficial implications. In particular, the haptic device provides force feedback to the bio-operator\u27s hand. This paper introduces a 3D particle-based model to simulate the deformation of the cell membrane and corresponding cellular forces during microrobotic cell injection. The model is based on the kinematic and dynamic of spring – damper multi particle joints considering visco-elastic fluidic properties. It simulates the indentation force feedback as well as cell visual deformation during the microinjection. The model is verified using experimental data of zebrafish embryo microinjection. The results demonstrate that the developed cell model is capable of estimating zebrafish embryo deformation and force feedback accurately

Relationship of spiritual intelligence components with students’ adjustment

The purpose of the research paper was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence components with components of students’ adjustment among student at the University of Birjand. This study was descriptive and correlational. The population of this study were students that enrolled in the 2011-2012 school year, of which 210 of them (male and female students) were randomly selected. For data collection two questionnaires were used, the student adjustment questionnaire (Farahbakhsh) and spiritual intelligence questionnaire (King); that which reliability of the based on Cronbach’s alpha was 0.94 and 0.88, respectively. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the components of spiritual intelligence (Understand and communicate with the source being and Spiritual life) and the components of students’ adjustment (Social Adjustment, Emotional adjustment, Educational adjustment, Purposefulness and self-discovery, Institutional attachment). Also, the component of understand and communicate with the source being, cannot predict the students’ adjustment.The results showed that the relationship between spiritual intelligence and adjustment was significant. The relationship between understand and communicate with the source being and social adjustment was positive and significant. Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between spiritual life and social adjustment