The effects of air pollution on vitamin D status in healthy women: A cross sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Inadequate radiation or insufficient cutaneous absorption of UVB is one of the cardinal causes of vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study is to determine whether air pollution and low ground level of ultra-violet B light (UVB; 290-315) can deteriorate the body vitamin D status in healthy women.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In this cross sectional study 200, free-living, housewives, aged between 20 to 55 years, from Tehran (high polluted area) and Ghazvin (low polluted area) were included. The Tehranian women were selected randomly from participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) and the Ghazvinian females from patients who came to public health centers. Participants were excluded for disease and drugs which affect vitamin D status and also if they were pregnant or breast feeding. We measured the ground level of UVB using a Haze meter as a surrogate of air pollution. In order to calculate the adjusted mean difference of 25-OH-D, ANCOVA analysis was used. Moreover, Binary logistic regression model was developed to determine the odds of living in Tehran for having serum 25-OH-D less than 20 ng/ml.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean ± SD of serum 25-OH-D was significantly higher in Ghazvinian women ((18 ± 11 <it>vs</it>. 13 ± 7), P-value < 001). The prevalence of 25-OH-D less than 10 ng/ml, and 25-OH-D between 10 and 20 ng/ml were higher in Tehranian group (36% and 54% <it>vs</it>. 31% and 32% in respectively). Secondary hyperparathyroidism was also significantly higher in Tehranian women (47% <it>vs</it>. 32%). In ANCOVA analysis, after adjustment, the mean of 25-OH-D in the Ghazvinian group was still statistically significantly higher than Tehranians (13 vs. 17 ng/ml P-value = 0.04). In addition, in binary logistic model, the odd of living in Tehran for having serum 25-OH-D less than 20 ng/ml was 5.22 (95% confidence interval 2.2-12.2, P-value < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We found that living in a polluted area plays a significant independent role in vitamin D deficiency and hence, residence can be one of the main reasons of vitamin D status of the women.</p

Assesing the factors that affect the motivation of addicts for quitting drug abuse in Green home clinic in Qazvin in summer of 2014

Introduction: Addiction is a problem that has engaged millions of people around the world. It has been studied from different aspects. The reasons why the addicts start this behavior and continue it have been studied, but the reason why they decide to quit is yet to be studied thoroughly. Aim: Assessing the factors that affect the motivation of addicts for quitting drug abuse in Green home clinic in Qazvin. Method: About 100 volunteers from 200 patients were evaluated randomly and in addition to demographic characteristic of them we assessed private reasons, familial, occupational and drug related reasons (28 items) with questionnaire that was completed by a psychologist. we analyzed our data by SPSS version 20.Because of our data didn't have normal distribution; we used nonparametric analysis, Friedman test and Wilcoxon. Finding: The range of age for participant was 25-72 years old.85%of them were in their young period and adulthood.56%of them have been graduated from high school and 13% had post graduate studies.92%of them were employed.66%had monthly income about 1 million Toman and 73% had more than 10 years history of substance abuse. In our patients at least 87% had been used Opium as one of the abused substances, this rate was 26% about heroin abuse. Method of substance using in 53%of patients was smoking,21%oral and 1%had history of substance injection.78%of patients have been abused lower than 5 gr per day.88%have been using cigarette but 74%of them didn't have any experience about alcohol drinking.1/5 of patients had another comorbidity and 1/5 of them had crime history. 53% had at least one try to quitting addiction and all of them were leaving with their family. Among 28 causes in questionnaire the most important reasons that motivate patients for treatment are private causes, familial, drug related and occupational reasons. The outmost reasons between all of the causes were: Tiredness from drug using, Family encouragement and Charge of substances. Conclusion: Based on our final results ,demographic characteristic's such as age or education of volunteers hadn't have any effect in patients motivation towards treatment but private and internal motivational factors have been the most important reason for quitting

The effectiveness of educating courses for making capable staff employees of Qazvin Medical Science University

Background: At present, training for staff empowerment in various organizations has earned special importance, because of recent developments in science and technology. Objective: In order to avoid decreased quality of the staff working in the organization, Qazvin University of medical sciences widely hold training courses to empower its employees with relatively high cost. Methods: The present researcher considered educational programs of Qazvin Medical Science University in four groups in this research, as follow information technology courses, cultural courses, official and monetary courses and research courses. Then, based on descriptive methodology and considering Persian and English related articles, a questionnaire was designed with 40 questions and was distributed among the studied persons. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate 19 important variables which had been suggested in theoretical literature or ideas of the experts. By using cluster sampling method, staff employees sample groups were chosen from managers and personnel of 7 vice-presidencies. SPSS Software and its common techniques were used for data analysis which executed in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: The research results showed that information technology classes had great effect on employees’ performance, but effectiveness of cultural courses on their performance as medium. Official and monetary courses had also great effect on improving employees quality, increasing occupational and professional skills, self-confidence, decision making ability, occupational satisfaction and motivation, and their management expertise; but its effect on increasing employees decision making ability and increasing their ability in presenting new ideas for their job, reducing job errors and increasing information exchange and cooperation was medium. Research courses had great effect on improving service qualities, increasing occupational and professional skills and discovering hidden talents, but its effect in other variables was medium. Research results showed that managers consider of information technology and official and monetary courses on their employee’s performance more effective, when compared to their personnel. While, employees considers research instruction courses more effective, when compared with their managers. From points of view both groups, cultural instruction courses didn’t have great effect on employees’ performance. In this research, it was determined that there is not meaningful relationship between employee’s gender and level of education in each teaching course; but there is meaningful relationship between years of occupation and employees age with information technology courses. Conclusion: Using participating approach in compiling educational programs and employees, and considering mangers ideas in policy making for educational programming has great effect on effectiveness of educational courses to increase employees’ performance. Key Words: Making capable, effectiveness, education, employee

Assessment of dedicated revenue of non-educational hospitals in Guilan University of Medical Sciences (2012)

Hospitals, as one of the main providers of health services, are of great importance in health and economy. The aim of this descriptive study was to assess the dedicated revenue of all non-educational hospitals in Guilan University of Medical Sciences (14 hospitals) in 2012. On average, 22.35% of income was provided by cash earnings and 77.65% was provided by insurance organizations.There was 1.25% deficit by insurance. The net income of small hospitals with few available beds was very low and they were not economically affordable. The out of pocket to total income ratio was higher in the hospitals located in deprived areas due to lack of full insurance coverage