A REVIEW ON THE NEURAL CIRCUITS IN ANXIETY DISORDERS

ABSTRACTAnxiety disorders are among the most common mental, emotional, and behavioral problems. These affect one-eighth of the total population worldwide.Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by irritability, fear, insomnia, nervousness, tachycardia, inability to concentrate,poor coping skills, palpitation, sweating, agoraphobia, and social withdrawal. Brain regions and networks involved in anxiety symptomatology isan effort to better understand the mechanism involved and to develop more effective treatments for the anxiety disorders. Thus, neuroanatomicaland neuroimaging research in anxiety disorders has centered on the role of the amygdala, reciprocal connections between the amygdala and theprefrontal cortex, and, most recently, alterations in interoceptive processing by the anterior insula. Anxiety disorders are characterized by alterationsin a diverse range of neurochemical systems, suggesting ample novel targets for drug therapies. The neurotransmitter like corticotropin-releasingfactor, neuropeptides (substance P, neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, orexin, and galanin) are implicated in anxiety pathways. Each of these active areas ofresearch holds promise for expanding and improving evidence-based treatment options for individuals suffering with clinical anxiety. Therefore,this article gives the information on the neurocognitive mechanisms, causes, neurotransmitter involved in anxiety disorders and emphasize on thetherapeutic targets for anxiety disorders.Keywords: Anxiety, Stress, Amygdala, Corticotropin releasing factor, Insula, Thalamus

NEUROTRANSMITTER AND BRAIN PARTS INVOLVED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a major debilitating, complex, and costly illness that strikes 1% of the world's population. It is characterized by three general types of symptoms: Atypical symptoms (aggressiveness, agitation, delusions, hallucinations), depressive symptoms (alogia, avolition, anhedonia, apathy), and cognitive symptoms (impaired attention, learning, memory). The etiology of SCZ has still not been fully understood. Alteration in various neurochemical systems such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate are involved in the pathophysiology of SCZ. The lack of understanding regarding the exact pathogenic process may be the likely a reason for the non-availability of effective treatment, which can prevent onset and progression of the SCZ. The tools of modern neuroscience, drawing from neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, brain imaging, and psychopharmacology, promise to provide a host of new insights into the etiology and treatment of SCZ. In this review, we will discuss the role of the various neurotransmitter concerned and brain parts exaggerated in the SCZ

Clinical Symptoms and Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic form, progressive and immune mediated central nervous system disorder that affects both adults and children. MS is characterized by the development of multiple lesions with the nerve fibers in the spinal cord, optic nerves and brain. Multiple sclerosis affects the approximately 2.5 million people worldwide. A triad of symptoms characterize the disease: fatigue, changes in sensation, ataxia, muscle weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, visual problems, chronic or acute pain, difficulties of bladder and bowel. The diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis is made on the foundation of the signs and symptoms, with magnetic resonance imaging and additional laboratory tests playing a helpful role. Every tests are non precise and simply supply supportive indication for diagnosis. A few people have a inadequate number of “relapses” or “attacks” and remain fairly healthy for decades, others may worsen rapidly from the time of analysis, through shortened lifespan and poor excellence of the life. The  prognosis  is problematical to forecast; it depends on the initial symptom, subtype of the illness, the individual patient’s disorder characteristics. The substantial variability in multiple sclerosis manifestations leads to elevated figure of misdiagnoses each year, but advances in knowledge and pharmaceuticals are leading to more exact identification and successful management. Early diagnosis and management is essential in reducing the severity of disease

High Gain Beam Steering Antenna Arrays with Low Scan Loss for mmWave Applications

In millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications, the antenna gain is a crucial parameter to overcome path loss and atmospheric attenuation. This work presents the design of two cylindrical conformal antenna arrays, made of modified rectangular microstrip patch antenna as a radiating element, working at 28 GHz for mmWave applications providing high gain and beam steering capability. The microstrip patch antenna element uses Rogers RO4232 substrate with a thickness of 0.5 mm and surface area of 5.8 mm × 5.8 mm. The individual antenna element provides a gain of 6.9 dBi with return loss bandwidth of 5.12 GHz. The first antenna array, made by using five conformal antenna elements, achieves a uniform gain of approximately 12 dBi with minimal scan loss for extensive scan angles. In the second antenna array, a dielectric superstrate using Rogers TMM (10i) was used to modify the first antenna array. It enhanced the gain to approximately 16 dBi while still maintaining low scan loss for wide angles. The proposed array design method is very robust and can be applied to any conformal surface. The mathematical equations are also provided to derive the array design, and both array designs are verified by using full-wave simulations

Ageratum conyzoides L. and Its Secondary Metabolites in the Management of Different Fungal Pathogens

Ageratum conyzoides L. (Family—Asteraceae) is an annual aromatic invasive herb, mainly distributed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It owns a reputed history of indigenous remedial uses, including as a wound dressing, an antimicrobial, and mouthwash as well as in treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, skin diseases, etc. In this review, the core idea is to present the antifungal potential of the selected medicinal plant and its secondary metabolites against different fungal pathogens. Additionally, toxicological studies (safety profile) conducted on the amazing plant A. conyzoides L. are discussed for the possible clinical development of this medicinal herb. Articles available from 2000 to 2020 were reviewed in detail to exhibit recent appraisals of the antifungal properties of A. conyzoides. Efforts were aimed at delivering evidences for the medicinal application of A. conyzoides by using globally recognized scientific search engines and databases so that an efficient approach for filling the lacunae in the research and development of antifungal drugs can be adopted. After analyzing the literature, it can be reported that the selected medicinal plant effectively suppressed the growth of numerous fungal species, such as Aspergillus, Alternaria, Candida, Fusarium, Phytophthora, and Pythium, owing to the presence of various secondary metabolites, particularly chromenes, terpenoids, flavonoids and coumarins. The possible mechanism of action of different secondary metabolites of the plant against fungal pathogens is also discussed briefly. However, it was found that only a few studies have been performed to demonstrate the plant’s dosage and safety profile in humans. Considered all together, A. conyzoides extract and its constituents may act as a promising biosource for the development of effective antifungal formulations for clinical use. However, in order to establish safety and efficacy, additional scientific research is required to explore chronic toxicological effects of ageratum, to determine the probability of interactions when used with different herbs, and to identify safe dosage. The particulars presented here not only bridge this gap but also furnish future research strategies for the investigators in microbiology, ethno-pharmacology, and drug discoveryS

An Analysis of Policy Interventions in Agriculture and ICT Based Mechanistic Approach Towards Sustainability: An Indian Perspective

The present work stressed the negative prospects of the green revolution in India because of which despite having surplus productivity, there is a shortage of approximately 39% of food in comparison to demand. The present study investigated both qualitative and quantitative data regarding the input and output of agriculture to determine the currently existing gaps. Data from Government Organizations, Surveys, Audit reports were collected and evaluated. The analysis revealed that past policy interventions have collapsed in uplifting the farmer’s income which has caught farmers into financial crisis. Under these circumstances, the farmer’s growth is a matter of concern for policymakers. To overcome the present gap, the current Government has taken several new initiatives regarding organic agriculture and exemption of farmers from mandis to benefit the farmer which is expected to be proved as a milestone in uplifting the growth of Indian agriculture system. Present study aimed to propose a digitalized mechanistic approach to bring synchronization among Government, producer and consumer. Objective of the present study is to develop a mirrored view between Government initiatives and farmers for sustainable development of agriculture and people associated with them

An Analysis of Policy Interventions in Agriculture and ICT Based Mechanistic Approach Towards Sustainability: An Indian Perspective

The present work stressed the negative prospects of the green revolution in India because of which despite having surplus productivity, there is a shortage of approximately 39% of food in comparison to demand. The present study investigated both qualitative and quantitative data regarding the input and output of agriculture to determine the currently existing gaps. Data from Government Organizations, Surveys, Audit reports were collected and evaluated. The analysis revealed that past policy interventions have collapsed in uplifting the farmer’s income which has caught farmers into financial crisis. Under these circumstances, the farmer’s growth is a matter of concern for policymakers. To overcome the present gap, the current Government has taken several new initiatives regarding organic agriculture and exemption of farmers from mandis to benefit the farmer which is expected to be proved as a milestone in uplifting the growth of Indian agriculture system. Present study aimed to propose a digitalized mechanistic approach to bring synchronization among Government, producer and consumer. Objective of the present study is to develop a mirrored view between Government initiatives and farmers for sustainable development of agriculture and people associated with them

Meta-Atoms And Artificially Engineered Materials For Antenna Applications

In this article chapter, we discuss different ways to mitigate some of the problems encountered with MTMs, and present strategies for artificially synthesizing dielectric materials that are broadband as well as low-loss; hence, they are useful for real-world antenna applications involving low-profile flat lenses and reflectarrays, for example. The key to circumventing the difficulties with MTM, which we have identified above, is to steer clear of the common practice of using resonant inclusions or “particles”to achieve extreme material properties, negative index; and, zero index. Our strategy is to develop antenna designs that only call for material parameters that are realistic, so that they can either be acquired off-the-shelf, or by slightly tweaking the available materials by embedding small patches or apertures, often referred to as “particles”, whose dimensions are far removed from the resonance range. This obviates the problems of dispersion, narrow bandwidths and losses that plague the MTMs, at least those that fall in the “exotic”category, for example, the doublenegative or DNG type. Although the RO approach leads to dielectric-only designs that do not need to use magnetic materials, these designs still typically require dielectric materials that may not be available off-the-shelf