Influência dos fungos endofíticos sobre os herbívoros de Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae)

Endophytic fungi have an important role in the mediation of the plant-herbivores, plantpathogens and plant-environment interaction. To understand the interaction between endophytic fungi and Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae) and these with the herbivores, the following hypotheses were investigated: (i) the number of endophytic morphospecies (richness) increases with leaf age; (ii) the richness of endophytes varies with seasonality; (iii) the richness of endophytes varies with the plant gender; (iv) there is negative correlation between the richness of endophytes and richness of herbivores; and (v) there is negative correlation between the richness of endophytes and abundance of herbivores. Monthly, the leaves of B. dracunculifolia were collected in Estação Ecológica da UFMG from October, 2006 to August, 2007. In total, we found eight endophytic morphospecies, a low number when compared to the results found in other study in the same plant species. Mature leaves had higher richness, mainly during the wet season. In relation to gender, the richness was equal. It was also observed that the richness of endophytes found in leaves did not influence the richness and abundance of herbivores. All the results of this work indicated that the environment has fundamental role in the determination of the endophytic community and in the Baccharis-herbivores interaction. Key words: Baccharis, Cerrado, endophytic fungi, herbivores, Asteraceae.Os fungos endofíticos possuem um papel importante na mediação das interações plantaherbívoros, planta-patógenos e planta-ambiente. Para compreender a interação entre os fungos endofíticos e Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae) e deste com os herbívoros, foram investigadas as seguintes hipóteses: (i) o número de espécies de endofíticos (riqueza) aumenta com a idade foliar; (ii) a riqueza de endofíticos nas folhas varia com a sazonalidade; (iii) a riqueza de endofíticos varia conforme o sexo do vegetal; (iv) há correlação negativa entre a riqueza de endofíticos e a riqueza de herbívoros; e (v) há correlação negativa entre a riqueza de endofíticos e a abundância de herbívoros. Para este estudo, folhas de B. dracunculifolia foram coletadas mensalmente na Estação Ecológica da UFMG, de outubro de 2006 a agosto de 2007. Ao todo, foram encontradas oito morfoespécies de endofíticos, um número baixo, quando comparado com os resultados obtidos em outro estudo, analisando a mesma espécie vegetal. As folhas maduras apresentaram maior riqueza, principalmente durante a estação chuvosa, mas não houve diferenças em relação à riqueza equivalente ao sexo. Observou-se, também, que a riqueza endofítica encontrada nas folhas não influenciou a riqueza e a abundância de herbívoros. Os resultados do estudo indicaram que o ambiente exerceu um papel fundamental na determinação da comunidade endofítica e nas interações Baccharis-herbívoros. Palavras-chave: Baccharis, Cerrado, fungos endofíticos, herbívoros, Asteraceae

Evaluation of the Diramic system for urine cultures

O sistema Diramic foi avaliado para o diagnóstico das infecções do trato urinário (ITU). O sistema Diramic foi desenvolvido em Cuba e possibilita resultados de diagnóstico das infecções do trato urinário (ITU) em quatro horas e baseia-se na variação da turvação do crescimento microbiano no meio de cultura após incubação a 37ºC/4 horas. 396 amostras de urinas provenientes de ambulatórios e enfermarias do HC da FMB-UNESP-Botucatu/SP foram analisadas pelo sistema Diramic. O método da alça calibrada (AC) foi adotado como método de referência. A taxa de coincidência entre os dois métodos foi de 96,46% (382 amostras de urina), não havendo diferença significativa entre os resultados obtidos nos dois métodos. Os resultados para sensibilidade e especificidade foram 84,37 e 98,80% respectivamente e 10 resultados no Diramic foram falsos negativos (2,5%) e 4 falso positivos (1,01%). Os microrganismos identificados nas urinas positivas foram Escherichia coli (68,75%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10,94%), leveduras (6,25%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4,69%), Enterobacter cloacae (3,12%) e Proteus mirabilis, Staphyloccocus coagulase negativo, Morganella morganii e Citrobacter freundii também foram identificadas (1,56% para cada espécie). O método Diramic foi eficiente na triagem das urinoculturas, porém verificou-se algumas restrições quanto ao diagnóstico das infecções do trato urinário quando causadas por leveduras e em pacientes submetidos a antibioticoterapia.The use of the Diramic system in microbiological diagnosis of urinary tract infections (UTI) was evaluated. This system was developed at the National Center for Scientific Research of Cuba, and it reads turbidimetric changes of microbial growth in culture media at 37ºC incubated for 4 hours. A total of 396 urine specimens were tested in the Laboratory of Microbiology of the School of Medicine - UNESP, Brazil using the Diramic system and the counting of colony forming units per urine millimeter (calibrated loop) as the reference method. The coincidence rate between the two methods was 96.46% (382 urine samples), and the differences in results were not significant (p<0.05). Sensitivity and specificity rates were 84.37% and 98.80%, respectively. False negative and false positive rates were 2.50% and 1.01%, respectively. The microorganisms isolated from positive urines were: Escherichia coli (68.75%); Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.94%); yeast (6.25%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.69%); Enterobacter cloacae (3.12%); Proteus mirabilis, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, Morganella morganii, and Citrobacter freundii (1.56% each). The Diramic system was effective as screening method for urine cultures, however restrictions in the UTI diagnosis caused by yeasts and patients undergoing antibiotic therapy were negative characteristics of the system

Epidemiologia e desfecho dos pacientes de alto risco cirúrgico admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To define the epidemiological profile and the main determinants of morbidity and mortality in noncardiac high surgical risk patients in Brazil. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational and multicenter study. All noncardiac surgical patients admitted to intensive care units, i.e., those considered high risk, within a 1-month period were evaluated and monitored daily for a maximum of 7 days in the intensive care unit to determine complications. The 28-day postoperative, intensive care unit and hospital mortality rates were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-nine intensive care units participated in the study. Surgeries were performed in 25,500 patients, of whom 904 (3.5%) were high-risk (95% confidence interval - 95%CI 3.3% - 3.8%) and were included in the study. Of the participating patients, 48.3% were from private intensive care units, and 51.7% were from public intensive care units. The length of stay in the intensive care unit was 2.0 (1.0 - 4.0) days, and the length of hospital stay was 9.5 (5.4 - 18.6) days. The complication rate was 29.9% (95%CI 26.4 - 33.7), and the 28-day postoperative mortality rate was 9.6% (95%CI 7.4 - 12.1). The independent risk factors for complications were the Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS 3; odds ratio - OR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.01 - 1.03) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score (SOFA) on admission to the intensive care unit (OR = 1.17; 95%CI 1.09 - 1.25), surgical time (OR = 1.001, 95%CI 1.000 - 1.002) and emergency surgeries (OR = 1.93, 95%CI, 1.10 - 3.38). In addition, there were associations with 28-day mortality (OR = 1.032; 95%CI 1.011 - 1.052), SAPS 3 (OR = 1.041; 95%CI 1.107 - 1.279), SOFA (OR = 1.175, 95%CI 1.069 - 1.292) and emergency surgeries (OR = 2.509; 95%CI 1.040 - 6.051). CONCLUSION: Higher prognostic scores, elderly patients, longer surgical times and emergency surgeries were strongly associated with higher 28-day mortality and more complications during the intensive care unit stay

Association between Type of Fluid Received Prior to Enrollment, Type of Admission, and Effect of Balanced Crystalloid in Critically Ill Adults A Secondary Exploratory Analysis of the BaSICS Clinical Trial

Rationale: The effects of balanced crystalloid versus saline on clinical outcomes for ICU patients may be modified by the type of fluid that patients received for initial resuscitation and by the type of admission. Objectives: To assess whether the results of a randomized controlled trial could be affected by fluid use before enrollment and admission type. Methods: Secondary post hoc analysis of the BaSICS (Balanced Solution in Intensive Care Study) trial, which compared a balanced solution (Plasma-Lyte 148) with 0.9% saline in the ICU. Patients were categorized according to fluid use in the 24 hours before enrollment in four groups (balanced solutions only, 0.9% saline only, a mix of both, and no fluid before enrollment) and according to admission type (planned, unplanned with sepsis, and unplanned without sepsis). The association between 90-day mortality and the randomization group was assessed using a hierarchical logistic Bayesian model. Measurements and Main Results: A total of 10,520 patients were included. There was a low probability that the balanced solution was associated with improved 90-day mortality in the whole trial population (odds ratio [OR], 0.95; 89% credible interval [CrI], 0.66–10.51; probability of benefit, 0.58); however, probability of benefit was high for patients who received only balanced solutions before enrollment (regardless of admission type, OR, 0.78; 89% CrI, 0.56–1.03; probability of benefit, 0.92), mostly because of a benefit in unplanned admissions due to sepsis (OR, 0.70; 89% CrI, 0.50–0.97; probability of benefit, 0.96) and planned admissions (OR, 0.79; 89% CrI, 0.65–0.97; probability of benefit, 0.97). Conclusions: There is a high probability that balanced solution use in the ICU reduces 90-day mortality in patients who exclusively received balanced fluids before trial enrollment. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 02875873)

Distribution of the endophytic fungi community in leaves of Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) Distribuição da comunidade de fungos endofíticos em folhas de Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae)

Endophytic fungi represent large, yet unexplored components of biodiversity. This work evaluated the richness and the distribution of endophytes in the leaves of Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae). A total of 1110 colonies were recovered from the samples and grouped by their morphological traits into 126 taxa. The total number of taxa according to leaf development was: 102 in mature leaves, 93 in recently expanded leaves and 79 for unfolded leaves. The major endophyte genera were Phomopsis, followed by Dothiorella, Pestalotiopsis and Acremonium. The richness and the isolate numbers of endophytes were not statistically affected by leaf region. However, some taxa were leaf-age specific; six were isolated only from unfolded leaves, nine from recently expanded leaves and 17 were exclusively found in mature leaves. The composition of endophytes varied with leaf region; the similarities (Jaccard's Index) among the leaf regions of different leaf ages ranged from 0.36 to 0.46, indicating a high spatial variation in the community of endophytic fungi inside the leaves. The high richness of endophytes in this host plant highlights a significant contribution of fungi to tropical biodiversity and the need for further research in this area.<br>Fungos endofíticos representam um grande e ainda pouco explorado componente da biodiversidade. O trabalho avaliou a riqueza e a distribuição endofítica nas folhas de Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae). Foram obtidas 1110 colônias que foram agrupadas, por suas características morfológicas em 126 táxons. O número total de táxons por estágio foliar foi: 102 em folhas maduras, 93 em folhas recém-expandidas e 79 em não expandidas. O principal gênero de endofítico encontrado foi Phomopsis, seguido por Dothiorella, Pestalotiopsis e Acremonium. A riqueza e o número de isolados não foram estatisticamente influenciadas pela região foliar. Contudo, alguns táxons foram específicas de um estágio foliar; seis foram isoladas apenas em folhas não expandidas, nove em folhas recentemente expandidas e 17 foram encontradas apenas em folhas maduras. A composição endofítica variou de acordo com as regiões foliares; a similaridade (índice de Jaccard) entre as regiões das folhas de diferentes estágios variou de 0,36 a 0,46, indicando uma alta variação espacial da comunidade de fungos endofíticos dentro da folha. A alta riqueza de endofíticos neste hospedeiro demonstra uma significante contribuição dos fungos para a biodiversidade tropical e a necessidade de pesquisas futuras nesta área