Studies on Cobalt(III) Metallosurfactants. Kinetics and Mechanism of Reduction of Cobalt(III) by Iron(II) in Aqueous Acid Medium

The kinetics and mechanism of reduction of the surfactant complex ions, cis-chloro/bromo(dodecylamine)(triethylenetetramine)cobalt(III) by iron(II) in aqueous solution were studied at 303, 308 and 313 K by spectrophotometry under pseudo-first-order conditions using an excess of the reductant. The second-order rate constant increases with cobalt(III) concentration and the presence of aggregation of the complex itself alters the reaction rate. The reductions are acid-independent in the range [H+] = 0.05-0.25mol dm−3. Variation of ionic strength (μ) influences the reaction rate. Activation and thermodynamic parameters have been computed. It is suggested that the reaction of Fe2+(aq) with the cobalt(III) complex proceeds by an inner-sphere mechanism. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of these surfactant metal complexes in aqueous solution were obtained from conductance measurements. Specific conductivity data (at 303, 308 and 313 K) served for the evaluation of the temperature-dependent CMC and the standard Gibbs energy of micellization (ΔGm0

Cancer immunology, bioinformatics and chemokine evidence link vaccines contaminated with animal proteins to autoimmune disease: A detailed look at Crohn’s disease and Vitiligo

© 2018, Pharmainfo Publications. All rights reserved. Cancer research has demonstrated that immunization with homologous xenogeneic proteins (such as vaccines contaminated with animal proteins that resemble human proteins) results in autoimmunity. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrates that animal proteins have occasional amino acid differences compared to equivalent human proteins. For this purpose we used Uniprot and BLASTP. We found homology to human GP2 (Bos taurus 77%, Sus scrofa 76%, Cavia porcellus 72% Gallus gallus 43%), homology to human tyrosinase (Bos taurus 87%, Sus scrofa 90%, Cavia porcellus 85%, Gallus gallus 73%), homology to human GP100 (Bos taurus 77%, Sus scrofa 81%, Cavia porcellus 77%, Gallus gallus 42%) and highlight the occasional amino acid differences. Mutated human protein epitopes can be identical to animal protein derived epitopes. Low affinity self reactive T cells suited for detection of mutated human epitopes will be activated by animal derived epitopes. CD8+ T cells involved in numerous autoimmune disorders express the CCR4 skin homing receptor. This is evidence that the site of priming was the skin. This is consistent with subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of animal protein contaminated vaccines. The above findings add to the growing evidence of vaccines inducing autoimmune diseases. Autoantibody and autoreactive T cell levels can vary from person to person. Not everyone will develop overt disease. For every case of diagnosed autoimmune disease, there are numerous subclinical cases. These subclinical diseases could shave decades off your life. So “rare” diagnosed vaccine adverse events are the tip of the iceberg

Autism pathogenesis: Piecing it all together, from end to beginning …

© 2018, Pharmainfo Publications. All rights reserved. Increased extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid (EA-CSF) have been observed in imaging studies of infant brains, who go on to develop autism. Folate deficiency can cause defects in neural development that can affect CSF production and drainage. Folate receptor alpha antibodies (FRAA) are observed in 75% of autism patients. Maternal FRAA have also been observed in the case of neural tube defects. Folate deficiency can cause aluminum accumulation in the brain. Autistic brains have been shown to accumulate aluminum. FRAA in the child or mother can therefore explain all the observations. Further, autism patients have a higher genetic risk for cancer but have lower cancer rates. Many cancer cells express folate receptor alpha to transport folate required for rapid growth. Once again FRAA in autism can thus explain lower rates of cancer occurrence as FRAA block FRA expressed on cancer cells, affecting folate transport. A majority of FRAA are of the IgG4 subclass and bind with higher affinity to the bovine folate receptor than the human folate receptor. The human and bovine FR have 90% protein sequence homology. From allergies and parasite infections we know that IgG4 is the second stage of the immune response. The first stage is IgE against FRA. The US Institute of Medicine concluded that antigens in vaccines do cause IgE mediated sensitization. Many vaccines contain cow’s milk proteins, one of which is the bovine folate receptor protein. Bovine casein and casamino acids used as growth media for vaccine manufacture are derived from cow’s milk. The solution for vaccine-induced IgE against FRA, is to immediately remove all non-target proteins from all vaccines by using processes such as affinity chromatography

Research of Physical-Chemical and Ecological Characteristics of Ukkadam Lake Water Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India

Degradation of lake water quality has been seen for many years, particularly in lakes close to urban areas with human activity. The goal of the current inquiry was to identify the various physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the surface water quality of several lakes in Coimbatore, India. The significance of the sampling points was considered when choosing them. Water samples were mostly taken from open wells in and around the Coimbatore district from the following sampling locations: Ukkadam Lake. The physical-chemical characteristics, such as total dissolved solids, pH, electrical conductivity, biochemical oxygen requirement, faeces coliforms, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity, Alkalinity, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Chlorides. The findings indicated that lake water samples taken at several locations in and around Coimbatore city were above WHO criteria

Identifying mediators of cognitive behaviour therapy and exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder (SAD) using repeated measures

Background: Process research aims to identify mediators of therapy which can help increase the efficacy and optimization of therapy. The present study examined the role of estimated social cost, perceived social self-efficacy and perceived emotional control as potential mediators in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Exposure Therapy (EXP) in individuals with social anxiety disorder. Methods: Fifty adults with a primary diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD) were recruited from a tertiary treatment center and randomly assigned to receive either CBT (N=25) or EXP (N=25).Levels of social anxiety, estimated social cost, perceived social self-efficacy, and perceived emotional control were assessed at the beginning of each session. Multilevel modeling was used to estimate the effects of the above variables on social anxiety and examine differences between the two groups. Results: Changes in perceived social self-efficacy and estimated social cost predicted changes in social anxiety. Perceived emotional control was not a significant predictor of changes in social anxiety. There were no significant differences between the two groups. Limitations: The study has a small sample size, and there is a lack of adequate follow-up data. A single therapist delivered both interventions, which could limit external validity. Conclusions: Perceived social self-efficacy and estimated social cost emerged as mediators of both CBT and EXP. The two interventions had common meditational pathways, and there was an interactive bi-directional relationship between social anxiety and the studied mediators