Ethyl 1-sec-butyl-2-(4-fluoro­phen­yl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C20H21FN2O2, the benzene ring and the benzimidazole ring system are inclined at a dihedral angle of 44.40 (9)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a zigzag chain along the b-axis direction. An intra­molecular C—H⋯π inter­action is also observed

Raw Meat and Antibiotic Resistance: A Comprehensive Study on Prevalence of Pathogens in Food Animals

This review examines the use of antimicrobial agents in food animals and their impact on human health, particularly the emergence and spread of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). While antimicrobial agents are commonly used in food animal production to prevent and treat bacterial infections, overuse has been linked to AMR. Various strategies to reduce antimicrobial use in food animals, including vaccines, improved animal husbandry practices, and alternative therapies, are discussed. However, the review acknowledges the limitations of these strategies, such as cost-effectiveness and potential unintended consequences. Information on the percentage of antimicrobial use and resistance in food animals is provided for different classes of antibiotics. The percentages of use and resistance vary among these classes, with tetracyclines having the highest percentage of use and erythromycin and tylosin having the highest percentage of resistance. The review cites studies on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in food animals, including Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens in the UK and Egypt. The review highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to reducing antimicrobial use in food animals and controlling the spread of AMR, including implementing more effective regulatory policies, promoting responsible use of antimicrobial agents, and developing alternative therapies and management practices. Overall, the review emphasizes the importance of addressing the issue of AMR in food animals to preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents for both animal and human health

Ethyl 1-(2-hy­droxy­eth­yl)-2-(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxyl­ate monohydrate

In the title mol­ecule, C19H20N2O4·H2O, the benzimidazole ring system is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.013 (11) Å] and is inclined to the 4-meth­oxy­phenyl ring by 30.98 (5)°. In the crystal, O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds involving the water mol­ecule link neighbouring mol­ecules, forming a two-dimensional network lying parallel to the bc plane. There are also C—H⋯π and π–π inter­actions present. The latter involve inversion-related benzimidazole rings with centroid–centroid distances of 3.5552 (8) and 3.7466 (8) Å

Ethyl 1-sec-butyl-2-(2-hydroxy­phen­yl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxyl­ate 0.25-hydrate

In the title compound, C20H22N2O3·0.25H2O, the water mol­ecule (occupancy 0.25) is disordered across a crystallographic inversion center. The dihedral angle between the hydroxy­phenyl ring and the benzimidazole ring system is 59.31 (9)°. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are connected by inter­molecular O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is further stabilized by a weak C—H⋯π inter­action involving the imidazole ring

Ethyl 1-sec-butyl-2-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C20H21ClN2O2, the ethyl 1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxyl­ate ring system, excluding the methyl­ene and methyl H atoms, is almost planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.055 (1) Å, and makes a dihedral angle of 40.63 (4)° with the benzene ring. The sec-butyl group is disordered over two positions, with refined site occupancies of 0.855 (4) and 0.145 (4). In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into chains along [010] via inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and are further inter­connected by C—H⋯Cl inter­actions into two-dimensional networks parallel to (001). The crystal structure is further consolidated by C—H⋯π inter­actions

Ethyl 1-sec-butyl-2-p-tolyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C21H24N2O2, the butyl group is disordered over two orientations with refined site occupancies of 0.883 (3) and 0.117 (3). The dihedral angle between the mean plane of benzimidazole ring system and the benzene ring is 39.32 (4)° and the dihedral angle between the mean plane of carboxyl­ate group and the benzimidazole ring system is 6.87 (5)°. A weak intra­molecular C—H⋯π inter­action may have some influence on the conformation of the mol­ecule. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into infinite chains along the b axis by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Ethyl 2-(4-bromo­phen­yl)-1-sec-butyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C20H21BrN2O2, the bromo­phenyl ring is twisted by 40.13 (8)° from the benzimidazole mean plane and the Br atom deviates by 0.753 (1) Å from that plane. The sec-butyl group is disordered over two conformations in a 0.898 (5):0.102 (5) ratio. In the crystal, mol­ecules related by translation along [10] are linked into chains via weak C—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds

Ethyl 1-(2-hy­droxy­eth­yl)-2-p-tolyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxyl­ate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H20N2O3, contains two mol­ecules (A and B) with slightly different orientations of the ethyl groups with respect to the attached carboxyl­ate groups. Intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate S(8) ring motifs in both mol­ecules A and B. In each mol­ecule, the benzimidazole ring system is essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.023 (1) and 0.020 (1) Å, respectively, for mol­ecules A and B. The dihedral angle between the benzimidazole ring system and the phenyl ring is 37.34 (5)° for mol­ecule A and 42.42 (5)° for mol­ecule B. In the crystal, O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into [100] columns with a cross-section of two-mol­ecule by two-mol­ecule wide, and further stabilization is provided by weak C—H⋯π and π–π inter­actions [centroid separations = 3.5207 (7) and 3.6314 (8) Å]

Cyanobacteria as a Source of Biodegradable Plastics

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of biopolymers produced from various microorganisms that attracted many researchers for their use as a substitute for conventional petrochemical plastics. PHA possesses similar material properties to petrochemical plastics with the added benefits of biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophobicity, thermoplasticity, piezoelectricity, and stereospecificity. The first discovery of PHA production in cyanobacteria was in 1969, and the commercialization of PHA produced from cyanobacteria is not feasible to date. The difficulty with the commercial production of cyanobacterial PHA is due to the low biomass production and lower PHA accumulation than the heterotrophic bacteria. The biosynthesis of PHA, production of cyanobacterial PHA, and strategies to improve the production of PHA and commercialization are discussed in this chapter

5-Fluoro-6′H,7′H,8′H-spiro­[indoline-3,7′-pyrano[3,2-c:5,6-c′]di-1-benzopyran]-2,6′,8′-trione

In the title compound, C26H12FNO6, the central pyran ring and both benzopyran systems are nonplanar, having total puckering amplitudes of 0.139 (2), 0.050 (1) and 0.112 (2) Å, respectively. The central pyran ring adopts a boat conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by C—H⋯O, N—H⋯O, N—H⋯F and C—H⋯π inter­actions