Red blood cells morphology and morphometry in adult, senior, and geriatricians dogs by optical and scanning electron microscopy

[EN] Red blood cells (RBC) morphologic evaluation through microscopy optical (OM) and SEM, provides information to forecast, evaluate, and monitor the functioning of many organs. Factors, such aging and diseases affect RBC morphology in both, human and animals. SEM is useful to evaluate RBC morphology, although its use in diagnosis and evaluation in dogs is limited, due to the availability and cost. The aim of this research was to assess the normal RBC morphology in adult, senior and geriatrician dogs, clinically healthy by OM and SEM. In addition to evaluating the age effect, sex, body size, and their interaction on erythrocyte morphometry. To carry out the research 152 blood samples were evaluated from dogs of different sexes and body sizes (small, medium, and large). Three groups were made based on dogs age: group I adults (1–7.9 years old), group II senior (8–11.9 years old), and group III geriatricians (>12 years old). Erythrocyte parameters were evaluated by OM (diameter, height, and axial ratio). Per each dog, the parameters of 20 erythrocytes were measured. A total of 2,600 cells were scanned with the AmScope™ Software scale. In addition, the RBC morphology was evaluated by SEM. Statistical analyses used analysis of variance and a general linear model, which allows the comparison of multiple factors at two or more levels (p 0.05). Additionally, some images of anisocytosis, polychromasia, and poikilocytosis (echinocytes, acanthocytes, codocytes, spherocytes, stomatocytes, dacryocytes quatrefoil, and elliptocytes) were obtained by OM and SEM. Our study provides information about the morphological and morphometry alterations of adult, senior, and geriatrician dogs RBC. This work contributes to future investigations and the diagnosing diseases, where it is necessary to evaluate the morphology of RBCSIThe Autonomous University of Aguascalientes approved and granted funding for TQ-T (Project PIP/SA15–3) for AG-B (PIB19-3, and Especial Resource UAA Research), which was used in the acquisition of materials and reagents necessary to obtain and process blood samples during the development of this stud

Competitividad en la cadena productiva de leche del estado de aguascalientes, México

La cadena productiva de leche (MPC) en Aguascalientes contribuye a disminuir la dependencia nacional de importación de este producto. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el nivel de competitividad y las relaciones de intercambio de los diferentes eslabones de la CPL. Mediante un muestreo sistemático (2004- 2005), se aplicaron cuestionarios a 171 unidades económicas (UE) para estimar: relación beneficio costo (RBC), valor agregado (VA) y criterios de competitividad (CC). La CPL presentó una mezcla heterogénea de UE coexistentes; organizadas como sistema especializado (tecnificado, integrado, VA grande y RBC positiva) o como sistema semiespecializado (tecnología incipiente, mano de obra familiar, VA escaso y RBC negativa). Las UE micro y pequeñas estaban integradas horizontalmente de manera parcial (43.1%), conservaban vínculos con los intermediarios llamados ruteros (37.9%). La agroindustria (AI) se coordinó verticalmente hacia atrás con los productores primarios. La RBC de las UE dedicadas al comercio fue cercana al punto de equilibrio y, a diferencia de la AI, sus CC se orientan al precio más que a la calidad de los productos lácteos. Los resultados sugieren que la competitividad de las UE se relaciona directamente con su tamaño, por lo que la integración y coordinación pudieran ser una alternativa útil para las pequeñas empresas

Toxic Effect of Aflatoxins in Dogs Fed Contaminated Commercial Dry Feed: A Review

Since its first patent (1897), commercial dry feed (CDF) for dogs has diversified its formulation to meet the nutritional needs of different breeds, age, or special conditions and establish a foundation for integration of these pets into urban lifestyles. The risk of aflatoxicosis in dogs has increased because the ingredients used to formulate CDF have also proliferated, making it difficult to ensure the quality required of each to achieve the safety of the entire CDF. This review contains a description of the fungi and aflatoxins detected in CDF and the ingredients commonly used for their formulation. The mechanisms of action and pathogenic effects of aflatoxins are outlined; as well as the clinical findings, and macroscopic and microscopic lesions found in aflatoxicosis in dogs. In addition, alternatives for diagnosis, treatment, and control of aflatoxins (AF) in CDF are analyzed, such as biomarkers of effect, improvement of blood coagulation, rate of elimination of AF, control of secondary infection, protection of gastric mucosa, reduction of oxidative stress, use of chemo-protectors, sequestrants, grain-free CDF, biocontrol, and maximum permitted limits, are also included