Observations extending over three years on the amount of carbonic acid in the ground air in relation to the earth temperature at the depth of three feet with charts

The connection between certain conditions of soil and the incidence of some infectious diseases has long been recognised by Physicians but the way in which these conditions operate has been variously explained.This paper shows a correspondence between the maximum of carbonic acid and the maximum reading of the earth thermometer at three feet. Late summer, when the temperature of the soil at three feet rose to the maximum,showed also the greatest amount of carbonic acid. Throughout the entire year much rain always produced a marked temporary increase in the amount of carbonic acid. These facts probably find their explanation in the increased bacterial life called into renewed activity by the heat and moisture.Moisture, as after much rain, may also act by mechanically sealing up the pores of the soil and thus preventing the normal escape of carbonic acid into the general atmosphere. The highest reading of the earth thermometer was towards the end of August when it ranged in the neighbourhood of 56° Fahr.Edinburgh is not what is known as a "Diarrhoea Town" that is, one in which that disease plays havoc with the infantile population in late summer and early autumn, but still, it is observed that most cases of infantile diarrhoea do occur at the time corresponding with the maximum reading of the earth thermometer at three feet, as is shown by reference to the Report of the Medical Officer of Health, Edinburgh 1898.The diurnal variation in the amount of carbonic acid showed an evening excess over the morning as the year approached near to the summer solstice and beyond it to the maximum reading of the year which occurred in the last days of August. After this period a morning excess over the evening was observed as the year approached near to the winter solstice and beyond it to the minimum reading of the year which took place in the end of March. During March, April and May, and again in September, October and November, the morning and evening variations were but little marked and temporary conditions of weather probably produced them. The year may be divided as regards the morning and evening variations in carbonic acid into four periods, September to December, December to March, March to June and June to September. In the first and third of these periods the morning reading is in excess,and in the second and fourth the evening reading.Any markedly high reading was always observed to follow a high rainfall. Excessively low readings on the other hand were observed after prolonged dry weather. A temporary increase after rain was constantly observed.The remarkable rise in the amount of carbonic acid in February and March of 1895 during the period of prolonged frost, and when snow lay on the ground for about a month, is not easy of explanation. The idea suggested itself that perhaps this was due to an increase of temperature in the soil caused by the covering of snow preventing radiation of heat from the upper layers of the soil. From observations made in February 1900 I found that such a covering of snow had no effect on the ground temperature thermometer whatever. The increase in carbonic acid may be explained to some extent by the sealing up of the surface of the soil thus preventing the natural escape of carbonic acid into the atmosphere. It was not observed that severe frost, apart from a covering of snow on the ground, was followed by increase in the amount of carbonic acid. In each of the three years the highest reading was observed towards the end of August.The remarkably low reading in October 1896 and again in August 1897 followed on a period of drought. No observation was taken from February to June 1897.Much rain was invariably followed by a marked increase in the amount of carbonic acid.No difference between the morning reading and the evening reading of the earth temperature at three feet was ever observed. The observations of the ground thermometer readings were taken on three alternate days of each week. The annual range of the temperature of the earth thermometer at three feet was about 20° Fahr. The lowest reading was observed to be in the month of February when it was in the neighbourhood of 36° Fahr. and the highest reading in the month of August when it was in the neighbourhood of 56° Fahr.There is observed to be a close correspondence between the annual curve of the earth thermometer and the annual curve of the amount of carbonic acid in the soil, that is, when the earth thermometer reading falls to the lowest annual point or rises to its highest annual point the amount of carbonic acid in the soil similarly approaches its lowest and highest points.It is further to be observed by reference to the Reports of the Medical Officer of Health, Edinburgh, that there was a close correspondence between the greater number of fatal cases of Infantile Diarrhoea and the highest reading of the earth thermometer at three feet

Electro-optical simulations of organic light emitting diodes

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

An efficiency test of a laboratory fan

The principal object of these tests is to determine the efficiency of the fan when working against the different sized orifices at various speeds and pressures. Before this could be accomplished, the coefficients of discharge of the 18 in., 24 in., and 30 in. orifices had to be determined --Object of Tests, page 4

Neurophysiology and Neural Computation

Contains reports on three research projects

Physiology

Contains reports on three research projects

SCOPE New Photographic Practices

The photographic practices brought together for this exhibition and publication provide a broad scope of how photographic and lens based media may be used in order to have a visceral and conceptual impact. The methods on show demonstrate the way that artists might pick and choose from the approaches, processes and debates that have arisen through the medium’s history. This collection of work features film, video and photography that demand a renegotiation of the relationship between camera, subject and viewer. Visual Art Centre Gallery, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Chin

Regulation of normal B-cell differentiation and malignant B-cell survival by OCT2.

The requirement for the B-cell transcription factor OCT2 (octamer-binding protein 2, encoded by Pou2f2) in germinal center B cells has proved controversial. Here, we report that germinal center B cells are formed normally after depletion of OCT2 in a conditional knockout mouse, but their proliferation is reduced and in vivo differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells is blocked. This finding led us to examine the role of OCT2 in germinal center-derived lymphomas. shRNA knockdown showed that almost all diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell lines are addicted to the expression of OCT2 and its coactivator OCA-B. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis and gene-expression profiling revealed the broad transcriptional program regulated by OCT2 that includes the expression of STAT3, IL-10, ELL2, XBP1, MYC, TERT, and ADA. Importantly, genetic alteration of OCT2 is not a requirement for cellular addiction in DLBCL. However, we detected amplifications of the POU2F2 locus in DLBCL tumor biopsies and a recurrent mutation of threonine 223 in the DNA-binding domain of OCT2. This neomorphic mutation subtly alters the DNA-binding preference of OCT2, leading to the transactivation of noncanonical target genes including HIF1a and FCRL3 Finally, by introducing mutations designed to disrupt the OCT2-OCA-B interface, we reveal a requirement for this protein-protein interface that ultimately might be exploited therapeutically. Our findings, combined with the predominantly B-cell-restricted expression of OCT2 and the absence of a systemic phenotype in our knockout mice, suggest that an OCT2-targeted therapeutic strategy would be efficacious in both major subtypes of DLBCL while avoiding systemic toxicity.This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research. DJH was supported by a Kay Kendall Leukaemia Fund Intermediate Fellowship from the UK.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the National Academy of Sciences via http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.160055711

Extracting Knowledge from the Geometric Shape of Social Network Data Using Topological Data Analysis

Topological data analysis is a noble approach to extract meaningful information from high-dimensional data and is robust to noise. It is based on topology, which aims to study the geometric shape of data. In order to apply topological data analysis, an algorithm called mapper is adopted. The output from mapper is a simplicial complex that represents a set of connected clusters of data points. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of topological data analysis for mining social network data by addressing the problem of image popularity. We randomly crawl images from Instagram and analyze the effects of social context and image content on an image’s popularity using mapper. Mapper clusters the images using each feature, and the ratio of popularity in each cluster is computed to determine the clusters with a high or low possibility of popularity. Then, the popularity of images are predicted to evaluate the accuracy of topological data analysis. This approach is further compared with traditional clustering algorithms, including k-means and hierarchical clustering, in terms of accuracy, and the results show that topological data analysis outperforms the others. Moreover, topological data analysis provides meaningful information based on the connectivity between the clusters.https://doi.org/10.3390/e1907036

Combining visible near-infrared spectroscopy and water vapor sorption for soil specific surface area estimation

Abstract The soil specific surface area (SSA) is a fundamental property governing a range of soil processes relevant to engineering, environmental, and agricultural applications. A method for SSA determination based on a combination of visible near‐infrared spectroscopy (vis‐NIRS) and vapor sorption isotherm measurements was proposed. Two models for water vapor sorption isotherms (WSIs) were used: the Tuller–Or (TO) and the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model. They were parameterized with sorption isotherm measurements and applied for SSA estimation for a wide range of soils (N = 270) from 27 countries. The generated vis‐NIRS models were compared with models where the SSA was determined with the ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) method. Different regression techniques were tested and included partial least squares (PLS), support vector machines (SVM), and artificial neural networks (ANN). The effect of dataset subdivision based on EGME values on model performance was also tested. Successful calibration models for SSATO and SSAGAB were generated and were nearly identical to that of SSAEGME. The performance of models was dependent on the range and variation in SSA values. However, the comparison using selected validation samples indicated no significant differences in the estimated SSATO, SSAGAB, and SSAEGME, with an average standardized RMSE (SRMSE = RMSE/range) of 0.07, 0.06 and 0.07, respectively. Small differences among the regression techniques were found, yet SVM performed best. The results of this study indicate that the combination of vis‐NIRS with the WSI as a reference technique for vis‐NIRS models provides SSA estimations akin to the EGME method