Contextualização no ensino de estatística: uma proposta para os anos finais do ensino fundamental

Acompanha: Sequência de ensino contemplando a estatística nos anos finais do ensino fundamental segundo pressupostos da contextualizaçãoThe present study aimed to examine the contributions that a sequence of teaching based on assumptions of contextualization can bring to the teaching of statistics in the final years of basic school. The literature review concerning the teaching of statistics relies on Cazorla (2002), Lopes (2003, 2008, 2010a, 2010b), Silva (2007), Andrade (2008), Cazorla, Kataoka and Silva (2010), Jacobini et al. (2010), Campos, Wodewotzki and Jacobini (2011), among others. As for context, the literature review supported by Brazil (1998b, 1999), Tufano (2001), Pais (2002, 2010), Ramos (2004), (2005), Sadovsky (2007), Luccas (2011), among others. With the intention of achieving the proposed goal, was developed in the year 2011 a applied research, interpretive analysis and qualitative, descriptive in a batch of students of 7° year of basic school to a State public College of the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná. The review of literature pertaining to the search features based on Gil (1991, 2006), Chizzotti (2003, 2008), Silva and Menezes (2005), Moreira and Caleffe (2008), Alves-Mazzotti (2011), Sarmento (2011), Teixeira (2011), among others. First was conducted an analysis of previous performance of the students on the basic content of statistics, based on a diagnostic instrument called pre-test. Then it was applied a sequence of teaching directed to basic statistical content, through the use of data collected in their own class, i.e. through contextualization. It emerged during the implementation of education, a greater interest and motivation of students to classes, as well as greater involvement of learners with the contents. The results of the analysis of the performance of the students after teaching sequence showed that this contributed to a significant gain on the acquisition of basic statistical content by students of the final years basic school. It is considered that the activities undertaken with learners, contributed to the development of the skills of reasoning, thinking, and statistical literacy of those forming the necessary basis for that in the future these students can reach the level of statistical literacy that contemporary society requires. As the final product of this work was to elaborate a courseware to support teacher education sequence containing a contextualized on basic statistical content aimed at the basic school, which is attached to this dissertation.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as contribuições que uma sequência de ensino pautada nos pressupostos da contextualização poderá trazer para o ensino e aprendizagem de Estatística nos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. A revisão de literatura referente ao ensino de Estatística apoia-se em Cazorla (2002), Lopes (2003, 2008, 2010a, 2010b), Silva (2007), Andrade (2008), Cazorla, Kataoka e Silva (2010), Jacobini et al. (2010), Campos, Wodewotzki e Jacobini (2011), dentre outros. Quanto a contextualização, a revisão de literatura apoia-se em Brasil (1998b, 1999), Tufano (2001), Pais (2002, 2010), Ramos (2004), Mello (2005), Sadovsky (2007), Luccas (2011), além de outros. Com a intenção de alcançar o objetivo proposto, foi desenvolvida no ano de 2011 uma pesquisa aplicada, qualitativa com análise interpretativa e, descritiva em uma turma de alunos do 7° ano do Ensino Fundamental de um colégio público estadual do município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná. A revisão de literatura referente às características da pesquisa fundamenta-se em Gil (1991, 2006), Chizzotti (2003, 2008), Silva e Menezes (2005), Moreira e Caleffe (2008), Alves-Mazzotti (2011), Sarmento (2011), Teixeira (2011), dentre outros. Primeiramente foi realizada uma análise do desempenho prévio dos alunos em relação a conteúdos básicos de Estatística, tendo como base um instrumento diagnóstico chamado pré – teste. Depois foi aplicada uma sequência de ensino direcionada a conteúdos básicos de Estatística, por meio da utilização de dados coletados na própria turma, ou seja, por meio da contextualização. Verificou-se durante a aplicação da sequência de ensino, um maior interesse e motivação dos alunos para as aulas, além de um maior envolvimento dos educandos com os conteúdos estudados. Os resultados da análise do desempenho dos alunos após a aplicação da sequência de ensino mostraram que essa contribuiu para que houvesse um ganho significativo quanto à aquisição de conteúdos básicos de Estatística por parte de educandos dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. Considera-se que as atividades realizadas com os educandos, contribuíram para o desenvolvimento das competências de raciocínio, pensamento e, letramento estatísticos desses, formando a base necessária para que futuramente esses alunos possam atingir o nível de letramento estatístico que a sociedade contemporânea exige. Como produto final deste trabalho foi elaborado um material didático de apoio ao professor contendo uma sequência de ensino contextualizada sobre conteúdos básicos de Estatística voltada ao Ensino Fundamental, o qual se encontra anexado a esta dissertação

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

PERIODIC NOXIOUS HEAT, INNOCUOUS COLD AND INNOCUOUS VIBROTACTILE STIMULATION INDUCE SIMILAR MODULATIONS OF THETA, ALPHA AND BETA BAND EEG OSCILLATIONS

Background and aims: Using frequency tagging, Colon et al. (2017) found that periodic noxious heat stimuli elicits periodic modulations of the magnitude of ongoing EEG oscillations in theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. Our study aimed to assess whether these responses are specific for heat pain by comparing heat-evoked responses to the responses elicited by innocuous cold and mechanical vibrations. Methods: Twenty subjects participated to two experimental sessions, one for foot dorsum and one for volar forearm stimulation. Stimuli consisted in fifteen 200ms pulses delivered at 0.25Hz. Fourteen stimuli of each modality were delivered per session. Thermal stimuli were delivered using a contact thermode. Target temperatures were 10°C and 60°C for cold and hot stimulation, respectively. Vibrotactile stimulation (200Hz) were delivered using a round-tipped piezo-electric actuator. The EEG was recorded at 1024Hz using 66 electrodes. Hilbert transforms were used to assess the envelope of theta-, alpha- and beta-band oscillations. Frequency tagging was used to reconstruct the amplitude of the periodic response. Cluster based permutation tests were used to assess whether these amplitudes were larger than 0. Results: Periodic modulations of the theta, alpha and beta bands were observed for all modalities and limbs. For a given limb, the topographies of these modulations were similar for all modalities and modulations observed during upper limb stimulation had similar topographies to those reported by Colon et al. Conclusions: Periodic noxious heat, innocuous cold and innocuous vibrations all induce similar periodic modulations of theta, alpha and beta band oscillation

Cold evoked potentials : charachterization of the normal values for healthy subjects

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if evoked potentials elicited by a very fast cooling of the skin could be reliably obtained from healthy subjects, to determine their characteristics (latency, amplitude, topographies) and to assess in what way experimental factors (Δ temperature, slope and stimulation surface) affect these characteristics. Method : Experiment 1: 20 subjects, goal temperature: 10°C, slope: -300°C/s, surface: 42 vs 125mm² Experiment 2: 21 subjects, Δ temperature: -5°C vs -10°C vs -15°C vs -20°C from basal skin temperature, slope: -133°C/s vs -200°C, surface: 125mm² Stimuli were applied on the central third of the volar forearm. EEG was recorded using a 32 channels electrode cap using the 10-20 international system. A rating of the intensity of the cold sensation elicited was asked to the subjects for every or certain stimulations (depending of the experiment). Results : Clear EPs very similar to laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) were obtained for every trial. An effect of the stimulation surface was shown on the behavioural ratings, the latency of the N2 component and the amplitude of the N2P2 complex. An effect of the Δ temperature was shown on the behavioural ratings and (potentially) the latency of N1 peak. An effect of the cooling slope was shown on the amplitude of P2 peak. Conclusion : The study of CEP’s is a very promising method for both clinic and research.Master [60] en kinésithérapie et réadaptation, Université catholique de Louvain, 201

Catching cold : exploration of the human perception of innocuous cold using chemical sensitization, EEG and psychophysics

Temperature sensing is involved in many different functions, ranging from fundamental homeostatic regulation to complex inferential processes on outside world properties. Due to the technical difficulty of generating well controlled cooling stimuli, significantly less research has been conducted on cold than on heat perception. The availability of new stimulators, enabling the generation of fast and strong cold stimuli, opens new experimental possibilities. This PhD dissertation aimed to develop new techniques to probe human innocuous cold perception, use these new techniques to probe the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying human cold perception, and assess whether these new techniques could be of interest in a clinical setting. These efforts were directed more specifically in two directions: improving the psychophysical assessment of cold detection and developing stimuli and analysis techniques allowing the exploration of cold evoked activity with electroencephalography.(BIFA - Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques) -- UCL, 202

Effects of topically applied cinnamic aldehyde, menthol and capsaicin on heat and cool evoked brain potentials in healthy young volunteers

Objective: By recording contact heat (CHEPs) and cool evoked potentials (CCEPs) after topical application of chemical agonists of TRPM8, TRPA1 or TRPV1 or vehicle, this study aimed to assess the expression of these thermosensitive TRP channels by type II AMH and cool Aδ fibres in healthy young volunteers. Method: 12 healthy young volunteers 5*5 cm surface on the volar forearm was pre-treated with either capsaicin (0.005%), CA (0.5%) or menthol (5%) solution. Vehicle on the other arm. Patch removed after 10’. Each subject attended 3 sessions (1 week between each session) and was treated with each product. 30 hot (60°C) and 30 cool (5°C below baseline) stimulation on each forearm in the pretreated area, slope: 300°C/s, duration: 150 ms, stimulation surface: 115 mm² Verbal rating of intensity (on a 0-10 scale) was asked to the subject after each stimulus. 32 channel EEG recording. Automated single trial analysis. Skin temperature and spontaneous sensation were monitored. Results: CCEP P2 latency was delayed following menthol application. CHEP N2P2 amplitude was affected by the factor vehicle vs product. There is a tendency in absolute values towards a decrease of amplitude following menthol and capsaicin application, however, post-hoc yielded no significant results. Conclusion: Very subtle changes in evoked brain responses were observed following capsaicin and menthol application. However, further studies with larger sample size/ better experimental design are needed.Master [120] en sciences de la motricité, Université catholique de Louvain, 2018, Université catholique de Louvain, 2018Master [120] en sciences de la motricité, orientation générale, Université catholique de Louvain, 201

Combining topical agonists with the recording of event-related brain potentials to probe the functional involvement of TRPM8, TRPA1 and TRPV1 in heat and cold transduction in the human skin

Background and Aims: TRP channels play a central role in the transduction of thermal and nociceptive stimuli by free nerve endings. Most of the research on these channels has been conducted in vitro or in vivo in non-human animals and translation of these results to humans must account for potential experimental biases and interspecific differences. This study aimed at evaluating the involvement of TRPM8, TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels in the transduction of innocuous cold and noxious heat stimuli by the human thermonociceptive system. To do so, we assessed the effects of pre-treating the skin with the most widely used agonists of these TRP channels (respectively menthol, cinnamaldehyde and capsaicin) on the latencies and amplitudes of innocuous cold and noxious heat evoked potentials. Methods: A total of 64 young volunteers were recruited. Participants were assigned to one of four study groups. Each group was treated with a different a topical agonist solution (20% menthol, 10% cinnamaldehyde, 1% capsaicin, or 0.025% capsaicin) at one of the two forearms and a vehicle solution at the other forearm during a single experimental session lasting about 2 hours (approximatively 50 minutes separated the application of the first and second patch; the order of the solutions was balanced between participants). The solutions were applied using a 5x10 cm patch soaked with 2 ml of solution. The patch stayed on the skin of the subject for 20 minutes. After topical treatment of each forearm, a total of 30 high-intensity noxious heat stimuli (60°C), 30 low intensity innocuous warm stimuli (42°C) and 30 cold stimuli (10°C) were delivered to the treated skin in a pseudo random order, using a contact thermal stimulator consisting in 15 Peltier elements (each 7.7 mm²) organized onto a 3 cm diameter surface (TCS II.1, probe T03). Target temperature was reached at a rate of 300°C/s. Stimulus duration was 200 ms. The stimulator was slightly displaced within the treated area after each stimulus. Inter-stimulus interval was approximately 12 s. The EEG signal was recorded using 32 electrodes (sampling rate: 1000 Hz; average reference). Impedance was below 10 k? at each electrode. Average waveforms per experimental conditions and subjects were computed. Latencies and amplitude of the negative-positive vertex potential (N2-P2) were estimated at electrode Cz. Results: Innocuous cold (10°C) and heat (60°C) stimuli elicited clear cold-evoked potentials (CEP) and heat-evoked potentials (HEP), with latencies compatible with the conduction velocity of thinly-myelinated A-delta fibers. N2 and P2 latencies and N2-P2 peak-to-peak amplitudes were compared using Bayesian non-parametric paired sample t-tests (JASP). Menthol increased the latency and decreased the amplitude of both CEPs and HEPs. Capsaicin 1% had no effect on CEP latency but increased the latency of HEPs. Capsaicin 1% also decreased the amplitude of both CEPs and HEPs. Capsaicin 0.025% capsaicin had no effect on CEPs and HEPs. Finally, cinnamic aldehyde 10% had no effect on CEPs, but clearly increased the latency and decreased the amplitude of HEPs. Conclusions: Our results showing that menthol increases CEP latencies supports an involvement of TRPM8 in innocuous cold transduction by cold-sensitive A-delta fibers. Similarly, the finding that both capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde increase the latencies of HEPs is compatible with an involvement of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in noxious heat transduction by A-fiber nociceptors. The increased latency of HEPs after menthol could be related to previous findings suggesting that menthol may modulate TRPV1. Finally, the effects of the agonists on CEP and HEP amplitudes should be interpreted cautiously because the N2-P2 complex is dependent on stimulus saliency, which could be reduced by the ongoing thermal sensations produced by the topical treatments