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The term “shoulder formation” refers to an increase of the density decay length in the scrape-off layer (SOL) observed in many tokamaks during L-mode operation when a density threshold is reached. Recent experiments in ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) and JET have shown that the shoulder forms when the divertor collisionality in the divertor electrically disconnects filaments from the wall. This leads to a transition from the sheath limited to the inertial regime and to an enhancement of radial particle transport, in good agreement with analytical models. In the present work, the validity of such a mechanism is investigated in the more reactor-relevant H-mode regime. For this, a cold divertor H-mode scenario is developed in AUG using different levels of D puffing and N seeding, in which inter-ELM filaments and SOL density profiles are measured. The basic relation between filament size and divertor collisionality is still valid in H-mode plasmas, albeit an additional condition related to the gas fueling rate has been foundfor the formation of the shoulder.Peer reviewe

Dendritic cell immunotherapy versus bevacizumab plus irinotecan in recurrent malignant glioma patients: a survival gain analysis

Stefan-Alexandru Artene,1 Adina Turcu-Stiolica,2 Richard Hartley,1 Marius Eugen Ciurea,3 Oana Daianu,1 Corina Brindusa,1 Oana Alexandru,4 Ligia Gabriela Tataranu,5 Stefana Oana Purcaru,1 Anica Dricu1 1Unit of Biochemistry, 2Department of Biostatistics, 3Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 4Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, 5Department of Neurosurgery, “Bagdasar–Arseni” Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania Background: The bevacizumab and irinotecan protocol is considered a standard treatment regimen for recurrent malignant glioma. Recent advances in immunotherapy have hinted that vaccination with dendritic cells could become an alternative salvage therapy for the treatment of recurrent malignant glioma.Methods: A search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Embase in order to identify studies with patients receiving bevacizumab plus irinotecan or dendritic cell therapy for recurrent malignant gliomas. The data obtained from these studies were used to perform a systematic review and survival gain analysis.Results: Fourteen clinical studies with patients receiving either bevacizumab plus irinotecan or dendritic cell vaccination were identified. Seven studies followed patients that received bevacizumab plus irinotecan (302 patients) and seven studies included patients that received dendritic cell immunotherapy (80 patients). For the patients who received bevacizumab plus irinotecan, the mean reported median overall survival was 7.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.84–10.16) months. For the patients who received dendritic cell immunotherapy, the mean reported median overall survival was 17.9 (95% CI 11.34–24.46) months. For irinotecan + bevacizumab group, the mean survival gain was -0.02±2.00, while that for the dendritic cell immunotherapy group was -0.01±4.54.Conclusion: For patients with recurrent malignant gliomas, dendritic cell immunotherapy treatment does not have a significantly different effect when compared with bevacizumab and irinotecan in terms of survival gain (P=0.535) and does not improve weighted survival gain (P=0.620). Keywords: malignant glioma, irinotecan, bevacizumab, dendritic cell, systematic analysi

Opportunities and Challenges of Basic Research on Soil and Water Loss in China

水土流失是制约人类生存和社会可持续发展的重大环境问题,是我国各种生态问题的集中反映,对粮食安全和生态安全造成了严重威胁。国家973项目"中国主要水蚀区土壤侵蚀过程与调控研究"以我国东北黑土漫岗区、西北黄土高原区、南方红壤丘陵区、西南紫色土山丘区4个水蚀区为重点,以土壤侵蚀过程为研究对象,拟解决主要水蚀区土壤侵蚀的发生发展过程与驱动机制、复杂环境下土壤侵蚀模型构建的理论与方法、水土流失与水土保持环境效应评价理论与调控机理等三个关键科学问题。研究水土流失发生发展过程与驱动机制,指导水土保持措施配置与战略规划;阐明流域产沙和水沙运移规律,减少江河洪涝灾害、维系大江大河和大湖安全;构建多尺度土壤侵蚀预报模型,预测发展趋势,指导水土保持规划;建立水土流失与水土保持的环境效应评价理论,为生态建设和制定中国水土保持宏观战略对策提供科学依据